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Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity can be amplified by synergistic interactions between different antioxidants. Here, we constructed a ternary heterojunction graphitic carbon nitride\/cupric sulfide\/titanium dioxide (g-C3N4\/CuS\/TiO2) photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor for the quantification of SM and its synergistic interactions with other antioxidants. Crucially, the Schottky barrier in ternary semiconductors considerably enhances electron transfer. The PEC sensor showed a wide linear range for SM detection, ranging from 2 to 1277 \u03bcmol L\u22121, and had a limit of detection of 1.8 \u03bcmol L\u22121. Remarkably, this sensing platform could evaluate the synergism between SM and five typical lipid-soluble antioxidants: tert-butyl hydroquinone, vitamin E, butyl hydroxyanisole, propyl gallate, and butylated hydroxytoluene. Owing to its low redox potential, SM could reduce antioxidant radicals and promote their regeneration, which increased the overall antioxidant performance. The g-C3N4\/CuS\/TiO2 PEC sensor exhibited high sensitivity, satisfactory selectivity, and stability, and was successfully applied for SM determination in both soybean and peanut oils. The findings of this study provide guidance for the development of nutritional foods, nutrition analysis, and the treatment of diseases caused by free radicals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13090859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T10:30:52Z","timestamp":1693391452000},"page":"859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Ternary Heterojunction Graphitic Carbon Nitride\/Cupric Sulfide\/Titanium Dioxide Photoelectrochemical Sensor for Sesamol Quantification and Antioxidant Synergism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Likun","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingshi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhishan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruilian","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3042-7756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhonghui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7343-2221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongxue","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Guangzhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substance Monitoring and Safety, Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510230, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3652-2903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.02.008","article-title":"A facile photoelectrochemical sensor for high sensitive ROS and AA detection based on graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets","volume":"107","author":"Ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. 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