{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:00:53Z","timestamp":1789030853542,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61904097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61904097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the advancements in modern living standards and technological development, conventional smart devices have proven inadequate in meeting the demands for a high-quality lifestyle. Therefore, a revolution is necessary to overcome this impasse and facilitate the emergence of flexible electronics. Specifically, there is a growing focus on health detection, necessitating advanced flexible preparation technology for biosensor-based smart wearable devices. Nowadays, numerous flexible products are available on the market, such as electronic devices with flexible connections, bendable LED light arrays, and flexible radio frequency electronic tags for storing information. The manufacturing process of these devices is relatively straightforward, and their integration is uncomplicated. However, their functionality remains limited. Further research is necessary for the development of more intricate applications, such as intelligent wearables and energy storage systems. Taking smart wear as an example, it is worth noting that the current mainstream products on the market primarily consist of bracelet-type health testing equipment. They exhibit limited flexibility and can only be worn on the wrist for measurement purposes, which greatly limits their application diversity. Flexible energy storage and flexible display also face the same problem, so there is still a lot of room for development in the field of flexible electronics manufacturing. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the developmental history of flexible devices, systematically summarizing representative preparation methods and typical applications, identifying challenges, proposing solutions, and offering prospects for future development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13090896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T22:38:45Z","timestamp":1695249525000},"page":"896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["A Review of Manufacturing Methods for Flexible Devices and Energy Storage Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yuntao","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Energy Storage Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunwei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Energy Storage Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuxian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Energy Storage Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaqun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Energy Storage Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"106","article-title":"Literature Review on Development of Flexible Electronics Industry","volume":"51","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mech. Manuf. Autom."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Development status and trends of flexible electronics technology","volume":"1","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"14","article-title":"Printed electronics: Past, present and future","volume":"35","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"26","article-title":"Study on Development Trend of Flexible Printed Electronic Technology","volume":"36","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr. Circuit Appl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001903","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202001903","article-title":"Devising Materials Manufacturing Toward Lab-to-Fab Translation of Flexible Electronics","volume":"32","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"40","article-title":"Flexible Electronics: Flexible and Emerging Electronic Technology","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hangzhou Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s11182-021-02349-8","article-title":"Optimized Design of Wiring Scheme for Conductive Layer in Bending Area of a Flexible OLED","volume":"64","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Russ. Phys. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takenouchi, M., Mukai, M., Furukawa, T., and Maruo, S. (2022). Fabrication of Flexible Wiring with Intrinsically Conducting Polymers Using Blue-Laser Microstereolithography. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14224949"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, M.T., Alam, T., Yahya, I., and Cho, M. (2018). Flexible Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) Tag Antenna for Sensor Applications. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124212"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26382","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3075902","article-title":"Flexible Graphene Textile Temperature Sensing RFID Coils Based on Spray Printing","volume":"21","author":"Ozek","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902579","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201902579","article-title":"Flexible RFID Tag Metal Antenna on Paper-Based Substrate by Inkjet Printing Technology","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700375","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201700375","article-title":"An Overview of the Development of Flexible Sensors","volume":"29","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J.H., Liu, M.L., Bai, Y., Zhang, J.H., Liu, H.W., and Zhu, W.B. (2020). Recent Progress in Flexible Wearable Sensors for Vital Sign Monitoring. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20144009"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, F.L., Li, X.Y., Shi, Y., Li, L.H., Wang, W., He, L., and Liu, R.P. (2018). Recent Developments for Flexible Pressure Sensors: A Review. Micromachines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi9110580"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, K., Cho, Y., and Yu, K.J. (2018). Novel Nano-Materials and Nano-Fabrication Techniques for Flexible Electronic Systems. Micromachines, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201805.0027.v1"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001116","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202001116","article-title":"The Evolution of Flexible Electronics: From Nature, Beyond Nature, and To Nature","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J., and Cheng, H.Y. (2018). Recent Development of Flexible and Stretchable Antennas for Bio-Integrated Electronics. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124364"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700259","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.201700259","article-title":"3D Printing of Flexible Electronic Devices","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43840","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA08458A","article-title":"Thermoelectric properties of flexible PEDOT: PSS-based films tuned by SnSe via the vacuum filtration method","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12295","DOI":"10.1002\/inf2.12295","article-title":"Two-dimensional MXenes: New frontier of wearable and flexible electronics","volume":"4","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infomat"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/cey2.200","article-title":"Flexible MXene films for batteries and beyond","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbon Energy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J.F., He, J.B., Kan, D.X., Chen, K.Y., Song, M.S., and Huo, W.T. (2022). MXene Film Prepared by Vacuum-Assisted Filtration: Properties and Applications. Crystals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst12081034"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physe.2019.113619","article-title":"Thermoelectric properties of low-cost transparent single wall carbon nanotube thin films obtained by vacuum filtration","volume":"114","author":"Tambasov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. E-Low-Dimens. Syst. Nanostructures"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13264","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SC04828K","article-title":"Mesoporous ordered films via self-assembly: Trends and perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Innocenzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5772","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c19665","article-title":"Nanoscratch-Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymer Thin Films","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4042","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SM00439A","article-title":"Solvent-assisted self-assembly of block copolymer thin films","volume":"18","author":"Pula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmacrolett.1c00458","article-title":"Confined Self-Assemblies of Chiral Block Copolymers in Thin Films","volume":"10","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Macro Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b07511","article-title":"Laser Writing Block Copolymer Self-Assembly on Graphene Light-Absorbing Layer","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acs Nano"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2018.05.025","article-title":"Flexible and self-assembly anisotropic FeCo nanochain-polymer composite films for highly stretchable magnetic device","volume":"164","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101302","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202101302","article-title":"Scalable 3D Self-Assembly of MXene Films for Flexible Sandwich and Microsized Supercapacitors","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001187","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202001187","article-title":"Recent Progress in Flexible Pressure Sensors Based Electronic Skin","volume":"23","author":"Claver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1902062","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201902062","article-title":"Flexible Hybrid Electronics for Digital Healthcare","volume":"32","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01528-3","article-title":"Wireless, closed-loop, smart bandage with integrated sensors and stimulators for advanced wound care and accelerated healing","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s42242-021-00143-6","article-title":"Preparation of conductive and transparent dipeptide hydrogels for wearable biosensor","volume":"5","author":"Jing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bio-Des. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1703521","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201703521","article-title":"Large-Scale Direct-Writing of Aligned Nanofibers for Flexible Electronics","volume":"14","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.04.077","article-title":"The synthesis of flexible zeolite nanofibers by a polymer surface thermal etching process","volume":"416","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2018.08.010","article-title":"High surface area flexible zeolite fibers based on a core-shell structure by a polymer surface wet etching process","volume":"158","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19364","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c05762","article-title":"Stencil Printing of Liquid Metal upon Electrospun Nanofibers Enables High-Performance Flexible Electronics","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acs Nano"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700277","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201700277","article-title":"Flexible Interconnects for Electronic Textiles","volume":"3","author":"Agcayazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, S.W., Qin, L., Wei, X.F., Fan, X., and Li, C.M. (2023). Fabric-Type Flexible Energy-Storage Devices for Wearable Electronics. Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16104047"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12065","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-020-04798-x","article-title":"Direct fabrication of graphene oxide fiber by injection spinning for flexible and wearable electronics","volume":"55","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11823","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-021-05812-x","article-title":"Conductive self-standing nanofiber fabric of fluorine-doped tin oxide prepared by electrospinning for use in flexible electronics","volume":"32","author":"Yoshinaga","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5839","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33454-y","article-title":"Versatile self-assembled electrospun micro-pyramid arrays for high-performance on-skin devices with minimal sensory interference","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20687","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA05214F","article-title":"Simple transfer from spin coating to blade coating through processing aggregated solutions","volume":"5","author":"Hernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.04.011","article-title":"Phase Transition Control for High-Performance Blade-Coated Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701269","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201701269","article-title":"Nanoscale Morphology of Doctor Bladed versus Spin-Coated Organic Photovoltaic Films","volume":"7","author":"Pokuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2020.05.027","article-title":"Spin-coated 10.46% and blade-coated 9.52% of ternary semitransparent organic solar cells with 26.56% average visible transmittance","volume":"204","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlemmer, W., Zankel, A., Niegelhell, K., Hobisch, M., Sussenbacher, M., Zajki-Zechmeister, K., Weissl, M., Reishofer, D., Plank, H., and Spirk, S. (2018). Deposition of Cellulose-Based Thin Films on Flexible Substrates. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11122433"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1808356","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201808356","article-title":"Achieving Over 15% Efficiency in Organic Photovoltaic Cells via Copolymer Design","volume":"31","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3778","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB00233C","article-title":"Spin-coated freestanding films for biomedical applications","volume":"9","author":"Moreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25494","article-title":"Skin electronics from scalable fabrication of an intrinsically stretchable transistor array","volume":"555","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20598","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c02758","article-title":"Influence of the Underlying Substrate on the Physical Vapor Deposition of Zn-Phthalocyanine on Graphene","volume":"6","author":"Mirabito","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldanza, A., Carbone, M.G.P., Brondi, C., Manikas, A.C., Mensitieri, G., Pavlou, C., Scherillo, G., and Galiotis, C. (2022). Chemical Vapour Deposition Graphene-PMMA Nanolaminates for Flexible Gas Barrier. Membranes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12060611"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.149141","article-title":"Dopamine-assisted chemical vapour deposition of polypyrrole on graphene for flexible supercapacitor","volume":"547","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8390","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TA10867K","article-title":"A flexible thin film lithium battery with a chemical vapor deposited organic complex cathode","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6951","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c22207","article-title":"Single-Step Direct Growth of Graphene on Cu Ink toward Flexible Hybrid Electronic Applications by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"739","article-title":"Sandwich structure based on back-side etching silicon (100) wafers for flexible electronic technology","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol. Micro-Nanosyst. Inf. Storage Process. Syst."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-021-07647-y","article-title":"Preparation of ZnO\/CC flexible materials for lithium-ion batteries by electrodeposition","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5589","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-016-9850-6","article-title":"Electrodeposition of ZnO thin films on conducting flexible substrates","volume":"51","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.156017","article-title":"Novel flexible solid-state pseudo-parallel pseudocapacitor with manganese oxide active material synthesized using electrodeposition","volume":"843","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793292019500747","article-title":"Carbon Nanotubes\/MnO2 Composite Fabricated via Laser Welding and Electrodeposition as Flexible Electrode for Supercapacitors","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1903675","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201903675","article-title":"Dendrite-Free Zinc Deposition Induced by Multifunctional CNT Frameworks for Stable Flexible Zn-Ion Batteries","volume":"31","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17608","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c02065","article-title":"Wearable Antifreezing Fiber-Shaped Zn\/PANI Batteries with Suppressed Zn Dendrites and Operation in Sweat Electrolytes","volume":"13","author":"Cong","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsamd.2021.09.002","article-title":"Recent development in silver-based ink for flexible electronics","volume":"7","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1108\/SR-08-2020-0190","article-title":"Recent developments of inkjet-printed flexible sensing electronics for wearable device applications: A review","volume":"41","author":"Kathirvelan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.1007\/s11664-019-07183-w","article-title":"Recent Development of Graphene-Based Ink and Other Conductive Material-Based Inks for Flexible Electronics","volume":"48","author":"Saidina","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9441","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TC01168A","article-title":"Fabricating flexible conductive structures by printing techniques and printable conductive materials","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1108\/PRT-05-2019-0043","article-title":"Optimisation of screen printing process for functional printing","volume":"48","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pigment Resin Technol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32225","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b04589","article-title":"Screen-Printing of a Highly Conductive Graphene Ink for Flexible Printed Electronics","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8951","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-020-05499-1","article-title":"Fabrication of screen-printed electrodes: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"56","author":"Suresh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwz070","article-title":"Scalable fabrication of printed Zn\/\/MnO2 planar micro-batteries with high volumetric energy density and exceptional safety","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3688","DOI":"10.1002\/er.4092","article-title":"A multilayer thin-film screen-printed triboelectric nanogenerator","volume":"42","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2018.06.026","article-title":"Gravure printed organic thin film transistors: Study on the link printability improvement","volume":"61","author":"Calvi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2016.07.031","article-title":"Optimization of printing conditions for microscale multiline printing in continuous roll-to-roll gravure printing","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2017.01.003","article-title":"Approach to optimizing printed conductive lines in high-resolution roll-to-roll gravure printing","volume":"46","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11730","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-018-9271-1","article-title":"Improving the gravure printed PEDOT:PSS electrode by gravure printing DMSO post-treatment","volume":"29","author":"Sico","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z.G., Guo, J.B., Pan, Y.Q., Fang, J., Gong, C., Mo, L.X., Luo, Q., Lin, J., and Ma, C.Q. (2023). Manipulating the Macroscopic and Microscopic Morphology of Large-Area Gravure-Printed ZnO Films for High-Performance Flexible Organic Solar Cells. Energy Environ. Mater., e12592.","DOI":"10.1002\/eem2.12592"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11998-016-9844-y","article-title":"Roll-to-roll gravure printing of thick-film silver electrode micropatterns for flexible printed circuit board","volume":"14","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Coat. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33494-9","article-title":"Gravure Printing of Water-based Silver Nanowire ink on Plastic Substrate for Flexible Electronics","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"066503","DOI":"10.7567\/1882-0786\/ab21ab","article-title":"Transparent triboelectric sensor arrays using gravure printed silver nanowire electrodes","volume":"12","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Express"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120705","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0031669","article-title":"Inkjet printing for flexible and wearable electronics","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Apl Mater."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6025","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NR05649F","article-title":"Recent advances in inkjet-printing technologies for flexible\/wearable electronics","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"093302","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4913697","article-title":"Inkjet printed silver nanowire network as top electrode for semi-transparent organic photovoltaic devices","volume":"106","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T.T., Lu, K.K., Xu, Z.H., Lin, Z.M., Ning, H.L., Qiu, T., Yang, Z., Zheng, H., Yao, R.H., and Peng, J.B. (2021). Recent Developments in Flexible Transparent Electrode. Crystals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst11050511"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800070","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.201800070","article-title":"Organic Flexible Electronics","volume":"2","author":"Ling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.158611","article-title":"Size effect on the fracture of sintered porous nano-silver joints: Experiments and Weibull analysis","volume":"863","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1002\/app.22509","article-title":"Enhancement of electrical properties of anisotropically conductive adhesive joints via low temperature sintering","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s11664-005-0229-8","article-title":"Thermal behavior of silver nanoparticles for low-temperature interconnect applications","volume":"34","author":"Moon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3925276","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3925276","article-title":"Improvement of Sintering Performance of Nanosilver Paste by Tin Doping","volume":"2020","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2018.12.026","article-title":"Indentation hardness, plasticity and initial creep properties of nanosilver sintered joint","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26112","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b06704","article-title":"Paper-Based Inkjet-Printed Flexible Electronic Circuits","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b06617","article-title":"Inkjet-Printed Biofunctional Thermo-Plasmonic Interfaces for Patterned Neuromodulation","volume":"12","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phan, H.P. (2021). Implanted Flexible Electronics: Set Device Lifetime with Smart Nanomaterials. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12020157"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13182","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TC02352G","article-title":"Reactive inkjet printing of graphene based flexible circuits and radio frequency antennas","volume":"9","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00461","article-title":"Laser Fabrication of Graphene-Based Electronic Skin","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2021.139490","article-title":"Preparation of high-performance flexible microsupercapacitors based on papermaking and laser-induced graphene techniques","volume":"401","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1901981","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201901981","article-title":"Laser Fabrication of Graphene-Based Flexible Electronics","volume":"32","author":"You","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7193","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TC01625A","article-title":"Graphene and the related conductive inks for flexible electronics","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2016.05.017","article-title":"All-flexible lithium ion battery based on thermally-etched porous carbon cloth anode and cathode","volume":"26","author":"Balogun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"061005","DOI":"10.1149\/2162-8777\/ac7612","article-title":"Characterization of Etched Graphite Nanoplates and Their Nonwoven Electrode Applications","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900367","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201900367","article-title":"A Highly Sensitive and Cost-Effective Flexible Pressure Sensor with Micropillar Arrays Fabricated by Novel Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching for Wearable Electronics","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1039\/C8LC01093E","article-title":"Reliable interfaces for EGaIn multi-layer stretchable circuits and microelectronics","volume":"19","author":"Marques","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lab A Chip"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0041-0","article-title":"Stretchable temperature-sensing circuits with strain suppression based on carbon nanotube transistors","volume":"1","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2020.128380","article-title":"Fabrication of flexible composite of laser reduced graphene@Ag dendrites as active material for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy","volume":"277","author":"Dominguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800900","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.201800900","article-title":"Laser Transfer, Printing, and Assembly Techniques for Flexible Electronics","volume":"5","author":"Bian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, T., Nag, A., Afsarimanesh, N., Mukhopadhyay, S.C., Kundu, S., and Xu, Y.Z. (2019). Laser-Assisted Printed Flexible Sensors: A Review. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19061462"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24585","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA07960E","article-title":"High-energy, flexible micro-supercapacitors by one-step laser fabrication of a self-generated nanoporous metal\/oxide electrode","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2021.106605","article-title":"Direct laser writing of copper-graphene composites for flexible electronics","volume":"142","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900365","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.201900365","article-title":"Flexible Fabrication of Flexible Electronics: A General Laser Ablation Strategy for Robust Large-Area Copper-Based Electronics","volume":"5","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2022.154746","article-title":"Preparation of liquid metal circuits on flexible polymers by selective laser ablation: Essential mechanism of non-conductivity in ablation part","volume":"605","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.105179","article-title":"An ultrathin robust polymer membrane for wearable solid-state electrochemical energy storage","volume":"76","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-021-00714-3","article-title":"Laser Erasing and Rewriting of Flexible Copper Circuits","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-022-00225-0","article-title":"UV-laser-machined stretchable multi-modal sensor network for soft robot interaction","volume":"6","author":"Ham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Npj Flex. Electron."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805924","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201805924","article-title":"Flexible Electronics: Stretchable Electrodes and Their Future","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2023.101714","article-title":"Polymers for flexible energy storage devices","volume":"143","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2020.03.006","article-title":"Energy density issues of flexible energy storage devices","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700107","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201700107","article-title":"Paper-Based Electrodes for Flexible Energy Storage Devices","volume":"4","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2018.09.001","article-title":"Electrically conductive hydrogels for flexible energy storage systems","volume":"88","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7974","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b20233","article-title":"Facile Development Strategy of a Single Carbon-Fiber-Based All-Solid-State Flexible Lithium-Ion Battery for Wearable Electronics","volume":"11","author":"Yadav","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, W., Liao, Q.W., Xie, S., Song, Y.J., and Qin, L. (2022). Prospects and Challenges of Flexible Stretchable Electrodes for Electronics. Coatings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12050558"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004419","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202004419","article-title":"Pathways of Developing High-Energy-Density Flexible Lithium Batteries","volume":"33","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c08008","article-title":"Flexible Composite Solid Electrolyte with an Active Inorganic Filler","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2023.233313","article-title":"Multiple healing flexible zinc-ion battery based on double cross-linked polyampholyte hydrogel electrolyte","volume":"579","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3410","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.201801277","article-title":"Water-Deactivated Polyelectrolyte Hydrogel Electrolytes for Flexible High-Voltage Supercapacitors","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemsuschem"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2018.08.007","article-title":"Structural and electrochemical properties of LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 as a cathode material for flexible lithium-ion batteries and self-charging power pack","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaafar, A., Schoinas, S., and Passeraub, P. (2021). Pad-Printing as a Fabrication Process for Flexible and Compact Multilayer Circuits. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21206802"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, S.Y., Choi, W., Kim, H.Y., Jeon, J.W., Cho, S.H., and Chang, W.S. (2018). Fully Solution-Processable Fabrication of Multi-Layered Circuits on a Flexible Substrate Using Laser Processing. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201801.0052.v1"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtphys.2022.100647","article-title":"Multilayer flexible electronics: Manufacturing approaches and applications","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Phys."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Zhang, C., Tan, Z., Tang, J.R., Yao, C., and Hao, B. (2021). Research Progress of Microtransfer Printing Technology for Flexible Electronic Integrated Manufacturing. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12111358"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200785","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202200785","article-title":"Multinozzle 3D Printing of Multilayer and Thin Flexible Electronics","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2020.100903","article-title":"Versatile fabrication of liquid metal nano-ink based flexible electronic devices","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X.L., and Liu, J. (2016). Recent Advancements in Liquid Metal Flexible Printed Electronics: Properties, Technologies, and Applications. Micromachines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi7120206"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100263","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202100263","article-title":"Layer-By-Layer Printing Strategy for High-Performance Flexible Electronic Devices with Low-Temperature Catalyzed Solution-Processed SiO2","volume":"5","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabm3785","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm3785","article-title":"Highly-integrated, miniaturized, stretchable electronic systems based on stacked multilayer network materials","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/13\/9\/896\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:54:04Z","timestamp":1760129644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/13\/9\/896"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["bios13090896"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios13090896","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]}}}