{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:38:23Z","timestamp":1776213503445,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22274110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22274110"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22250610197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22250610197"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82001922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82001922"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["TJWJ2021MS010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TJWJ2021MS010"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFF0602902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0602902"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFF1202704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1202704"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Health Research Project","award":["22274110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22274110"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Health Research Project","award":["22250610197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22250610197"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Health Research Project","award":["82001922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82001922"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Health Research Project","award":["TJWJ2021MS010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TJWJ2021MS010"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Health Research Project","award":["2021YFF0602902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0602902"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Health Research Project","award":["2022YFF1202704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1202704"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["22274110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22274110"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["22250610197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22250610197"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["82001922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82001922"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["TJWJ2021MS010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TJWJ2021MS010"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2021YFF0602902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0602902"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFF1202704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1202704"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroblastoma (NB) is known as the \u201cking of childhood tumors\u201d due to its highly metastatic, recurrence-prone, and difficult-to-treat characteristics. International Neuroblastoma Risk Grading Group (INRG) has recommended GD2, a disialoganglioside expressed on neuroectodermal tumor cells, as the target for detecting minimal residual disease in bone marrow metastases of high-risk neuroblastoma in children. Therefore, accurately identifying GD2-positive cells is crucial for diagnosing children with high-risk NB. Here, we designed a graphene\/AuNP\/GD2 Ab-functionalized electrochemical biosensor for GD2 detection. A three-electrode system was processed using a screen-printed technique with a working electrode of indium tin oxide, a counter electrode of carbon, and a reference electrode of silver\/silver chloride. Graphene\/AuNPs were modified on the indium tin oxide electrode using chronoamperometric scans, and then, the GD2 antibody was modified on the biosensor by electrostatic adsorption to achieve sensitive and specific detection of GD2-positive cells in bone marrow fluid. The results showed that a graphene\/AuNP\/GD2 Ab-functionalized electrochemical biosensor achieved GD2-positive cell detection in the range of 102 cells\/mL~105 cells\/mL by differential pulse voltammetry. Bone marrow fluid samples from 12 children with high-risk NB were retained for testing on our biosensor and showed 100% compliance with the clinical application of the gold-standard immunocytochemical staining technique for detecting GD2-positive cells qualitatively. The GD2-based electrochemical assay can accurately detect children with high-risk NB, providing a rapidly quantitative basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13100920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T02:11:01Z","timestamp":1696990261000},"page":"920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Functionalized GD2 Electrochemical Immunosensor to Diagnose Minimum Residual Disease of Bone Marrow in Neuroblastoma Effectively"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baixun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongchang","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3483-5087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1612-6241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cherie S.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2016.09.007","article-title":"Recent biologic and genetic advances in neuroblastoma: Implications for diagnostic, risk stratification, and treatment strategies","volume":"25","author":"Newman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. 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