{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T07:39:44Z","timestamp":1781163584162,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23-13-00163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-13-00163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel electrochemical DNA sensor was developed for the detection of the anthracycline drug, valrubicin, on the base of poly(Azure C) electropolymerized from the deep eutectic solvent reline and covered with adsorbed DNA from calf thymus. Biosensor assembling was performed by multiple scanning of the potential in one drop (100 \u00b5L) of the dye dissolved in reline and placed on the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode. Stabilization of the coating was achieved by its polarization in the phosphate buffer. The electrochemical characteristics of the electron transfer were determined and compared with a similar coating obtained from phosphate buffer. The use of deep eutectic solvent made it possible to increase the monomer concentration and avoid using organic solvents on the stage of electrode modification. After the contact of the DNA sensor with valrubicin, two signals related to the intrinsic redox activity of the coating and the drug redox conversion were found on voltammogram. Their synchronous changes with the analyte concentration increased the reliability of the detection. In the square-wave mode, the DNA sensor made it possible to determine from 3 \u00b5M to 1 mM (limit of detection, 1 \u00b5M) in optimal conditions. The DNA sensor was successfully tested in the voltammetric determination of valrubicin in spiked artificial urine, Ringer-Locke solution mimicking plasma electrolytes and biological samples (urine and saliva) with a recovery of 90\u2013110%. After further testing on clinical samples, it can find application in the pharmacokinetics studies and screening of new drugs\u2019 interaction with DNA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13100931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T10:36:56Z","timestamp":1697625416000},"page":"931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Electrochemical DNA Sensor for Valrubicin Detection Based on Poly(Azure C) Films Deposited from Deep Eutectic Solvent"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7532-151X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Porfireva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"A.M. Butlerov\u2019 Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Begisheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.M. Butlerov\u2019 Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Evtugyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center of Analytical Microscopy, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4694-7836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gennady","family":"Evtugyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.M. Butlerov\u2019 Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia"},{"name":"Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemical Technology Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1039\/b210714g","article-title":"Novel solvent properties of choline chloride\/urea mixtures","volume":"9","author":"Abbott","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2020.115956","article-title":"Deep eutectic solvents are not only effective extractants","volume":"129","author":"Shishov","year":"2020","journal-title":"TrAC-Trends Anal. 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