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The amperometric detection of MT was achieved using a sensor customized with ruthenium-incorporated carbon spheres (Ru\u2013CS), possessing C- and O-rich catalytically active Ru surfaces. The non-covalent interactions and ion\u2013molecule adducts between Ru and CS favor the formation of heterojunctions at the sensor\u2013analyte interface, thus accelerating the reactions towards MT. The Ru\u2013CS\/Screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) sensor demonstrated the outstanding electrocatalytic oxidation of MT owing to its high surface area and heterogeneous rate constants and afforded a lower detection limit (0.27 \u03bcM), high sensitivity (0.85 \u03bcA \u03bcM \u22121 cm\u22122), and excellent selectivity for MT with the co-existence of crucial neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. High concentrations of active biomolecules, such as ascorbic acid and tyrosine, did not interfere with MT detection. The practical feasibility of the sensor for MT detection in pharmaceutical samples was demonstrated, comparable to the data provided on the product labels. The developed amperometric sensor is highly suitable for the quality control of medicines because of its low cost, simplicity, small sample size, speed of analysis, and potential for automation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13100936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T10:36:56Z","timestamp":1697625416000},"page":"936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Ruthenium-Anchored Carbon Sphere-Customized Sensor for the Selective Amperometric Detection of Melatonin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sivaguru","family":"Jayaraman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3597-5225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thenmozhi","family":"Rajarathinam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7030-2350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeon-Geun","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9005-5990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinakaran","family":"Thirumalai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIT Convergence-Based Innovative Drug Development Targeting Metainflammation, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3203-2130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaewon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIT Convergence-Based Innovative Drug Development Targeting Metainflammation, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Jong","family":"Paik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Cheol","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8255","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-01660-3","article-title":"Melatonin in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Latent Endogenous Regulator of Neurogenesis to Mitigate Alzheimer\u2019s Neuropathology","volume":"56","author":"Hossain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. 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