{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T15:21:24Z","timestamp":1781536884181,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PUENTE UC","award":["3210305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3210305"]}]},{"name":"INICIO UC","award":["3210305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3210305"]}]},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences (UC)","award":["3210305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3210305"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007708","name":"FONDECYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3210305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3210305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Mediplex S.A.","award":["3210305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3210305"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exercise increases the cost of breathing (COB) due to increased lung ventilation (V\u02d9E), inducing respiratory muscles deoxygenation (\u2207SmO2), while the increase in workload implies \u2207SmO2 in locomotor muscles. This phenomenon has been proposed as a leading cause of exercise intolerance, especially in clinical contexts. The use of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) during exercise routines in rehabilitation programs has gained significant interest because it is proposed as a therapeutic intervention for reducing symptoms associated with exercise intolerance, such as fatigue and dyspnea, assuming that HFNC could reduce exercise-induced \u2207SmO2. SmO2 can be detected using optical wearable devices provided by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology, which measures the changes in the amount of oxygen bound to chromophores (e.g., hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome oxidase) at the target tissue level. We tested in a study with a cross-over design whether the muscular desaturation of m.vastus lateralis and m.intercostales during a high-intensity constant-load exercise can be reduced when it was supported with HFNC in non-physically active adults. Eighteen participants (nine women; age: 22 \u00b1 2 years, weight: 65.1 \u00b1 11.2 kg, height: 173.0 \u00b1 5.8 cm, BMI: 21.6 \u00b1 2.8 kg\u00b7m\u22122) were evaluated in a cycle ergometer (15 min, 70% maximum watts achieved in ergospirometry (V\u02d9O2-peak)) breathing spontaneously (control, CTRL) or with HFNC support (HFNC; 50 L\u00b7min\u22121, fiO2: 21%, 30 \u00b0C), separated by seven days in randomized order. Two-way ANOVA tests analyzed the \u2207SmO2 (m.intercostales and m.vastus lateralis), and changes in V\u02d9E and \u2207SmO2\u00b7V\u02d9E\u22121. Dyspnea, leg fatigue, and effort level (RPE) were compared between trials by the Wilcoxon matched-paired signed rank test. We found that the interaction of factors (trial \u00d7 exercise-time) was significant in \u2207SmO2-m.intercostales, V\u02d9E, and (\u2207SmO2-m.intercostales)\/V\u02d9E (p &lt; 0.05, all) but not in \u2207SmO2-m.vastus lateralis. \u2207SmO2-m.intercostales was more pronounced in CTRL during exercise since 5\u2032 (p &lt; 0.05). Hyperventilation was higher in CTRL since 10\u2032 (p &lt; 0.05). The \u2207SmO2\u00b7V\u02d9E\u22121 decreased during exercise, being lowest in CTRL since 5\u2032. Lower dyspnea was reported in HFNC, with no differences in leg fatigue and RPE. We concluded that wearable optical biosensors documented the beneficial effect of HFNC in COB due to lower respiratory \u2207SmO2 induced by exercise. We suggest incorporating NIRS devices in rehabilitation programs to monitor physiological changes that can support the clinical impact of the therapeutic intervention implemented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13110985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T11:04:32Z","timestamp":1699959872000},"page":"985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Monitoring Changes in Oxygen Muscle during Exercise with High-Flow Nasal Cannula Using Wearable NIRS Biosensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0674-7506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Contreras-Brice\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Av. Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile"},{"name":"Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering (iHEALTH), Av. Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0840-1904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximiliano","family":"Espinosa-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Av. Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augusta","family":"Rivera-Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Av. Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Guerra-Venegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Av. Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Lungenstrass-Poulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Av. Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Villagra-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Av. Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0125-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Caulier-Cisterna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics and Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Metropolitana, Av. Jos\u00e9 Pedro Alessandri #1242, Santiago 7800002, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar F.","family":"Araneda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Physiology of Biomechanics and Physiology of Effort, Kinesiology School, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Av. Monse\u00f1or \u00c1lvaro del Portillo 12455, Santiago 7620001, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4942-2346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gin\u00e9s","family":"Viscor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3 de Fisiologia, Departament de Biologia Cel\u00b7lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal #643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2005.12.015","article-title":"Consequences of Exercise-Induced Respiratory Muscle Work","volume":"151","author":"Dempsey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1113\/EP086566","article-title":"Effects of Respiratory Muscle Work on Respiratory and Locomotor Blood Flow during Exercise","volume":"102","author":"Dominelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. 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