{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T04:10:02Z","timestamp":1784779802418,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]],"date-time":"2023-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand (HRC)","award":["20\/1566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20\/1566"]}]},{"name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand (HRC)","award":["82161128015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82161128015"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["20\/1566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20\/1566"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["82161128015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82161128015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 was the greatest global threat to human health in the last three years. The most widely used methodologies for the diagnosis of COVID-19 are quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and rapid antigen tests (RATs). PCR is time-consuming and requires specialized instrumentation operated by skilled personnel. In contrast, RATs can be used in-home or at point-of-care but are less sensitive, leading to a higher rate of false negative results. In this work, we describe the development of a disposable, electrochemical, and laser-scribed graphene-based biosensor strips for COVID-19 detection that exploits a split-ester bond ligase system (termed \u2018EsterLigase\u2019) for immobilization of a virus-specific nanobody to maintain the out-of-plane orientation of the probe to ensure the efficacy of the probe-target recognition process. An anti-spike VHH E nanobody, genetically fused with the EsterLigase domain, was used as the specific probe for the spike receptor-binding domain (SP-RBD) protein as the target. The recognition between the two was measured by the change in the charge transfer resistance determined by fitting the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra. The developed LSG-based biosensor achieved a linear detection range for the SP-RBD from 150 pM to 15 nM with a sensitivity of 0.0866 [log(M)]\u22121 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 7.68 pM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,24]],"date-time":"2023-12-24T20:42:30Z","timestamp":1703450550000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Portable and Disposable Electrochemical Sensor Utilizing Laser-Scribed Graphene for Rapid SARS-CoV-2 Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Runzhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovative Materials and Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bicheng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovative Materials and Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"},{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"},{"name":"MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"},{"name":"Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"},{"name":"Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0680-6921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan J.","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"},{"name":"MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"},{"name":"Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Squire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"},{"name":"Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1205-3770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jadranka","family":"Travas-Sejdic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovative Materials and Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"},{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"},{"name":"MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2004973","article-title":"Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1","volume":"382","author":"Bushmaker","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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