{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:39:33Z","timestamp":1790624373394,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":236,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32200332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32200332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62204122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62204122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R2020SCB50"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2020SCB50"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SJCX23_0387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX23_0387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021JQR022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JQR022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21KJB460024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KJB460024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovation and Entrepreneurship Doctor Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["32200332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32200332"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Entrepreneurship Doctor Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["62204122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62204122"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Entrepreneurship Doctor Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["R2020SCB50"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2020SCB50"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Entrepreneurship Doctor Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["SJCX23_0387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX23_0387"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Entrepreneurship Doctor Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["2021JQR022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JQR022"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Entrepreneurship Doctor Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["21KJB460024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KJB460024"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Education Reform Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["32200332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32200332"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Education Reform Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["62204122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62204122"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Education Reform Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["R2020SCB50"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2020SCB50"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Education Reform Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["SJCX23_0387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX23_0387"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Education Reform Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["2021JQR022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JQR022"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Education Reform Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["21KJB460024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KJB460024"]}]},{"name":"China Higher Education Industry-University-Research Collaboration Innovation Fund","award":["32200332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32200332"]}]},{"name":"China Higher Education Industry-University-Research Collaboration Innovation Fund","award":["62204122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62204122"]}]},{"name":"China Higher Education Industry-University-Research Collaboration Innovation Fund","award":["R2020SCB50"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2020SCB50"]}]},{"name":"China Higher Education Industry-University-Research Collaboration Innovation Fund","award":["SJCX23_0387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX23_0387"]}]},{"name":"China Higher Education Industry-University-Research Collaboration Innovation Fund","award":["2021JQR022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JQR022"]}]},{"name":"China Higher Education Industry-University-Research Collaboration Innovation Fund","award":["21KJB460024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KJB460024"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Project of Higher Education of Jiangsu","award":["32200332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32200332"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Project of Higher Education of Jiangsu","award":["62204122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62204122"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Project of Higher Education of Jiangsu","award":["R2020SCB50"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2020SCB50"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Project of Higher Education of Jiangsu","award":["SJCX23_0387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX23_0387"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Project of Higher Education of Jiangsu","award":["2021JQR022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JQR022"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Project of Higher Education of Jiangsu","award":["21KJB460024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KJB460024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sweat, commonly referred to as the ultrafiltrate of blood plasma, is an essential physiological fluid in the human body. It contains a wide range of metabolites, electrolytes, and other biologically significant markers that are closely linked to human health. Compared to other bodily fluids, such as blood, sweat offers distinct advantages in terms of ease of collection and non-invasive detection. In recent years, considerable attention has been focused on wearable sweat sensors due to their potential for continuous monitoring of biomarkers. Electrochemical methods have been extensively used for in situ sweat biomarker analysis, as thoroughly reviewed by various researchers. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of recent advances in non-electrochemical methods for analyzing sweat, including colorimetric methods, fluorescence techniques, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and more. The review covers multiple aspects of non-electrochemical sweat analysis, encompassing sweat sampling methodologies, detection techniques, signal processing, and diverse applications. Furthermore, it highlights the current bottlenecks and challenges faced by non-electrochemical sensors, such as limitations and interference issues. Finally, the review concludes by offering insights into the prospects for non-electrochemical sensing technologies. By providing a valuable reference and inspiring researchers engaged in the field of sweat sensor development, this paper aspires to foster the creation of innovative and practical advancements in this domain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14010017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T11:44:57Z","timestamp":1703763897000},"page":"17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Advances in Non-Electrochemical Sensing of Human Sweat Biomarkers: From Sweat Sampling to Signal Reading"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8181-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingpeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7037-9095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingqiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wangping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw9906","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw9906","article-title":"Regional and correlative sweat analysis using high-throughput microfluidic sensing patches toward decoding sweat","volume":"5","author":"Nyein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashimoto, Y., Ishihara, T., Kuwabara, K., Amano, T., and Togo, H. (2022). Wearable Microfluidic Sensor for the Simultaneous and Con-tinuous Monitoring of Local Sweat Rates and Electrolyte Concentrations. Micromachines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13040575"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18260","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-23437-3","article-title":"Effect of water filtration infrared-A (wIRA) sauna on inor-ganic ions excreted through sweat from the human body","volume":"30","author":"Cho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burat, B., Reynaerts, A., Baiwir, D., Fl\u00e9ron, M., Eppe, G., Leal, T., and Mazzucchelli, G. (2021). Characterization of the Human Eccrine Sweat Proteome\u2014A Focus on the Biological Variability of Individual Sweat Protein Profiles. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910871"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruen, D., Delaney, C., Florea, L., and Diamond, D. (2017). Glucose Sensing for Diabetes Monitoring: Recent Developments. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081866"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khor, S.M., Choi, J., Won, P., and Ko, S.H. (2022). Challenges and Strategies in Developing an Enzymatic Wearable Sweat Glucose Biosensor as a Practical Point-Of-Care Monitoring Tool for Type II Diabetes. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12020221"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zafar, H., Channa, A., Jeoti, V., and Stojanovi\u0107, G.M. (2022). Comprehensive Review on Wearable Sweat-Glucose Sensors for Continuous Glucose Monitoring. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020638"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2022.3151938","article-title":"A Simple Non-Contact Optical Method to Quantify In-Vivo Sweat Gland Activity and Pulsation","volume":"69","author":"Drexelius","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Liu, Z., Feng, S., Gao, Z., Chen, R., Cai, G., and Bian, S. (2023). Wearable Microfluidic Sweat Chip for Detection of Sweat Glucose and pH in Long-Distance Running Exercise. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13020157"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Gu, Z., Liu, Y., Xiao, X., and Xiu, G. (2022). Validation of the Application of Solid Contact Ion-Selective Electrode for Off-Body Sweat Ion Monitoring. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12040229"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2020.116024","article-title":"Recent advances and perspectives in sweat based wearable electro-chemical sensors","volume":"131","author":"Mohan","year":"2020","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Wang, L., Liu, R., Li, J., Zhang, Q., Shi, G., Li, Y., Hou, C., and Wang, H. (2021). A highly integrated sensing paper for wearable elec-trochemical sweat analysis. Biosens. Bioelectron., 174.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112828"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14522","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3074311","article-title":"Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensors for Wearable Sweat Monitoring: A Review","volume":"21","author":"Yeung","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13290","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c20543","article-title":"Pt\/MXene-Based Flexible Wearable Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensor for Continuous Glucose Detection in Sweat","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Min, J., Sempionatto, J.R., Teymourian, H., Wang, J., and Gao, W. (2020). Wearable electrochemical biosensors in North America. Biosens. Bioelectron., 172.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112750"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220841","DOI":"10.20964\/2022.08.20","article-title":"Wearable Electrochemical Sensors for Monitoring of Glucose and Electroactive Drugs","volume":"17","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.124122","article-title":"Non-invasive monitoring of interstitial fluid lactate through an epidermal iontophoretic device","volume":"254","author":"Saha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.123187","article-title":"Wearable hydrogel patch with noninvasive, electrochemical glucose sensor for natural sweat detection","volume":"241","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200653","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202200653","article-title":"A Self-Powered Wearable Sensor for Continuous Wireless Sweat Monitoring","volume":"6","author":"Gai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104635","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202104635","article-title":"Stretchable Sweat-Activated Battery in Skin-Integrated Electronics for Continuous Wireless Sweat Monitoring","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay9842","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay9842","article-title":"Wireless battery-free wearable sweat sensor powered by human motion","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, C., Li, X., Xu, G., Lu, Y., Low, S.S., Liu, G., Zhu, L., Li, C., and Liu, Q. (2020). Battery-free, wireless, and flexible electrochemical patch for in situ analysis of sweat cortisol via near field communication. Biosens. Bioelectron., 172.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112782"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2022.108092","article-title":"Highly sensitive pH sensor based on flexible polyaniline matrix for synchronal sweat monitoring","volume":"185","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8861","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3054989","article-title":"Fully-Conformable Porous Polyethylene Nanofilm Sweat Sensor for Sports Fatigue","volume":"21","author":"Oktavius","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.115687","article-title":"Color changing sensors: A multimodal system for integrated screening","volume":"121","author":"Shende","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4647","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c00274","article-title":"Vertically Aligned Gold Nanowires as Stretchable and Wearable Epidermal Ion-Selective Electrode for Noninvasive Multiplexed Sweat Analysis","volume":"92","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201800677","article-title":"Wearable Sweat Sensors: Background and Current Trends","volume":"31","author":"Kaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23957","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA02831E","article-title":"A thermoresponsive microfluidic system integrating a shape memory poly-mer-modified textile and a paper-based colorimetric sensor for the detection of glucose in human sweat","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.09.086","article-title":"Non-invasive textile based colorimetric sensor for the simultaneous detection of sweat pH and lactate","volume":"192","author":"Promphet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1039\/D1BM01136G","article-title":"Recent progress in the fabrication of flexible materials for wearable sensors","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.120801","article-title":"The role of sampling in wearable sweat sensors","volume":"212","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12518","article-title":"Wearables, sensors, and smart devices for the detection and monitoring of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity: Systematic review and directions for future research","volume":"27","author":"Mantovani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau6356","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau6356","article-title":"Waterproof, electronics-enabled, epidermal microfluidic devices for sweat collection, biomarker analysis, and thermography in aquatic settings","volume":"5","author":"Reeder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9642","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3009327","article-title":"An Integrated Paper-Based Microfluidic Device for Real-Time Sweat Potassium Monitoring","volume":"21","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900342","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201900342","article-title":"A wearable paper-based sweat sensor for human perspiration monitoring","volume":"8","author":"Parrilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-019-02396-y","article-title":"A wearable, cotton thread\/paper-based microfluidic device coupled with smartphone for sweat glucose sensing","volume":"26","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18292","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2008422117","article-title":"Pencil\u2013paper on-skin electronics","volume":"117","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103257","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202103257","article-title":"Wearable Sweat Loss Measuring Devices: From the Role of Sweat Loss to Advanced Mechanisms and Designs","volume":"9","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Fang, Y., and Chen, J. (2021). Wearable Biosensors for Non-Invasive Sweat Diagnostics. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11080245"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.338643","article-title":"Non-invasive wearable chemical sensors in real-life applications","volume":"1179","author":"Promphet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SD00005A","article-title":"Advancements and future prospects of wearable sensing technology for healthcare applications","volume":"1","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, Y., Qiao, L., Chen, Z., Liu, B., Gao, L., and Zhang, L. (2022). Wearable Sensor for Continuous Sweat Biomarker Monitoring. Chemosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10070273"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.123425","article-title":"Textile-based electrochemical sensors and their applications","volume":"13","author":"Sinha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.129447","article-title":"Recent progress, challenges, and opportunities for wearable biochemical sensors for sweat analysis","volume":"332","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.130078","article-title":"Recent advances in microfluidic pa-per-based assay devices for diagnosis of human diseases using saliva, tears and sweat samples","volume":"342","author":"Tseng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5049","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00823","article-title":"Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors for Precision Medicine","volume":"123","author":"Min","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.01.068","article-title":"Point-of-care testing based on smartphone: The current state-of-the-art (2017\u20132018)","volume":"132","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kishore, S.C., Samikannu, K., Atchudan, R., Perumal, S., Edison, T.N.J.I., Alagan, M., Sundramoorthy, A.K., and Lee, Y.R. (2022). Smartphone-Operated Wireless Chemical Sensors: A Review. Chemosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10020055"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16315","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c03516","article-title":"Enhancing On-Skin Analysis: A Microfluidic Device and Smartphone Imaging Module for Real-Time Quantitative Detection of Multianalytes in Sweat","volume":"95","author":"Dashtian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npe.2020.08.003","article-title":"Sweat detection theory and fluid driven methods: A review","volume":"3","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200077","DOI":"10.1002\/VIW.20200077","article-title":"Wearable sweat sensing for prolonged, semicontinuous, and nonobtrusive health monitoring","volume":"1","author":"Moonen","year":"2020","journal-title":"View"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12309","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SC03750E","article-title":"Multi-analyte sensing strategies towards wearable and intelligent devices","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.140473","article-title":"Weavable, large-scaled, rapid response, long-term stable electrochemical fabric sensor integrated into clothing for monitoring potassium ions in sweat","volume":"454","author":"Mo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, B., Kumar, S., and Kaushik, B.K. (2023). Novel Wearable Optical Sensors for Vital Health Monitoring Systems\u2014A Review. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13020181"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9757126","DOI":"10.34133\/2021\/9757126","article-title":"Wearable Sweat Biosensors Refresh Personalized Health\/Medical Diagnostics","volume":"2021","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, J., Li, J., Reddy, V.S., Ji, D., Ramakrishna, S., and Xu, L. (2023). Flexible Textile-Based Sweat Sensors for Wearable Applications. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13010127"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, N.F.A., Sabani, N., Johari, S., Manaf, A.A., Wahab, A.A., Zakaria, Z., and Noor, A.M. (2022). A Comprehensive Review of the Recent Developments in Wearable Sweat-Sensing Devices. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197670"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.1c02244","article-title":"Dissolvable polymer valves for sweat chrono-sampling in wearable paper-based analytical devices","volume":"7","author":"Vaquer","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.201","article-title":"Development of sponge-like cellulose colorimetric swab immobilized with anthocyanin from red-cabbage for sweat monitoring","volume":"182","author":"Azher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2022.339840","article-title":"A novel colorimetric method for H2O2 sensing and its application: Fe2+-catalyzed H2O2 prevents aggregation of AuNPs by oxidizing cysteine (FeHOAuC)","volume":"1207","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37734","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c11446","article-title":"TiO2 Nanotubes Alginate Hydrogel Scaffold for Rapid Sensing of Sweat Biomarkers: Lactate and Glucose","volume":"13","author":"Gunatilake","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.1c00316","article-title":"Stretchable and Superwettable Colorimetric Sensing Patch for Epidermal Collection and Analysis of Sweat","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.2c02642","article-title":"Flexible Sweat Sensors: From Films to Textiles","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.1c00699","article-title":"The Evolving Role of Proteins in Wearable Sweat Biosensors","volume":"9","author":"Saldanha","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuswandi, B., Hidayat, M.A., and Noviana, E. (2022). Paper-based sensors for rapid important biomarkers detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. X, 12.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosx.2022.100246"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2023.109476","article-title":"A novel microfluidics PMMA\/paper hybrid bioimmunosensor for la-ser-induced fluorescence detection in the determination of alpha-fetoprotein from serum","volume":"195","author":"Xian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shay, T., Saha, T., Dickey, M.D., and Velev, O.D. (2020). Principles of long-term fluids handling in paper-based wearables with capillary\u2013evaporative transport. Biomicrofluidics, 14.","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0010417"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabn1736","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn1736","article-title":"Wearable plasmonic paper\u2013based microfluidics for continuous sweat analysis","volume":"8","author":"Mogera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700308","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201700308","article-title":"Bioinspired Kirigami Fish-Based Highly Stretched Wearable Biosensor for Human Biochemical\u2013Physiological Hybrid Monitoring","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1039\/D1AN00283J","article-title":"Detection of low glucose levels in sweat with colorimetric wearable biosensors","volume":"146","author":"Vaquer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1039\/D2AN01818G","article-title":"Paper-Based Microfluidics in Sweat Detection: From design to application","volume":"148","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-Sede\u00f1o, P., Campuzano, S., and Pingarr\u00f3n, J.M. (2020). Screen-Printed Electrodes: Promising Paper and Wearable Transducers for (Bio)Sensing. Biosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios10070076"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2022.116893","article-title":"Recent advances on paper-based microfluidic devices for bioanalysis","volume":"158","author":"Arantes","year":"2023","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-020-04653-5","article-title":"Colorimetric sensing of chloride in sweat based on fluorescence wavelength shift via halide exchange of CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals","volume":"188","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-022-00443-6","article-title":"Wearable and flexible electrochemical sensors for sweat analysis: A review","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3448","DOI":"10.1039\/C9LC00734B","article-title":"A versatile, cost-effective, and flexible wearable biosensor for in situ and ex situ sweat analysis, and personalized nutrition assessment","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9554","DOI":"10.1021\/ac5019205","article-title":"Smartphone-Based Simultaneous pH and Nitrite Colorimetric Determination for Paper Microfluidic Devices","volume":"86","author":"Curto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3526","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c04508","article-title":"A Portable 3D Microfluidic Origami Biosensor for Cortisol Detection in Human Sweat","volume":"94","author":"Weng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, X., Li, C., Yin, X., Yang, Y., Ji, B., Niu, Y., and Ren, L. (2023). Epidermal Wearable Biosensors for Monitoring Biomarkers of Chronic Disease in Sweat. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13030313"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ardalan, S., Hosseinifard, M., Vosough, M., and Golmohammadi, H. (2020). Towards smart personalized perspiration analysis: An IoT-integrated cellulose-based microfluidic wearable patch for smartphone fluorimetric multi-sensing of sweat biomarkers. Biosens. Bioelectron., 168.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112450"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1039\/D0LC01075H","article-title":"A thread\/fabric-based band as a flexible and wearable microfluidic device for sweat sensing and monitoring","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s42765-020-00046-8","article-title":"Facile and Low-Cost Fabrication of a Thread\/Paper-Based Wearable System for Simultaneous Detection of Lactate and pH in Human Sweat","volume":"2","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Fiber Mater."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.02.010","article-title":"Concept and development of an autonomous wearable micro-fluidic platform for real time pH sweat analysis","volume":"175","author":"Curto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc41255e","article-title":"Interfacial microfluidic transport on micropatterned superhydrophobic textile","volume":"13","author":"Xing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2022.114093","article-title":"A review on advanced nanocomposites materials based smart textile biosensor for healthcare monitoring from human sweat","volume":"350","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0043-y","article-title":"Wearable sweat sensors","volume":"1","author":"Bariya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c01271","article-title":"Microfluidics-Based Sensing of Biospecies","volume":"4","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1039\/D2LC00993E","article-title":"Microfluidic solutions for biofluids handling in on-skin wearable systems","volume":"23","author":"Kashaninejad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fallahi, H., Zhang, J., Phan, H.-P., and Nguyen, N.-T. (2019). Flexible Microfluidics: Fundamentals, Recent Developments, and Applications. Micromachines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi10120830"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.8b01218","article-title":"Soft, Skin-Integrated Multifunctional Microfluidic Systems for Accurate Colorimetric Analysis of Sweat Biomarkers and Temperature","volume":"4","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Qiu, Y., Yu, S., Ding, C., Hu, J., Qi, H., Tian, Y., Zhang, Z., Liu, A., and Wu, H. (2022). Wearable microfluidic patch with integrated capillary valves and pumps for sweat management and multiple biomarker analysis. Biomicrofluidics, 16.","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0092084"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1039\/C9LC01045A","article-title":"Soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic systems with integrated enzymatic assays for measuring the concentration of ammonia and ethanol in sweat","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1703334","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201703334","article-title":"Super-Absorbent Polymer Valves and Colorimetric Chemistries for Time-Sequenced Discrete Sampling and Chloride Analysis of Sweat via Skin-Mounted Soft Microfluidics","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8842890","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8842890","article-title":"Performance Optimization of Microvalves Based on a Microhole Array for Microfluidic Chips","volume":"2020","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39779","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA06693A","article-title":"Design and fabrication of a microfluidic chip to detect tumor markers","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.21N035","article-title":"A simple sealing device based on capillary force","volume":"38","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1039\/D0LC00400F","article-title":"Skin-interfaced microfluidic devices with one-opening chambers and hydrophobic valves for sweat collection and analysis","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105482","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202105482","article-title":"Haick, Smart materials enabled with artificial intelligence for healthcare wearables","volume":"31","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-021-00191-y","article-title":"A review of wearable biosensors for sweat analysis","volume":"11","author":"Jo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Lett."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907269","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201907269","article-title":"Soft Wearable Systems for Colorimetric and Electrochemical Analysis of Biofluids","volume":"30","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vavrinsky, E., Esfahani, N.E., Hausner, M., Kuzma, A., Rezo, V., Donoval, M., and Kosnacova, H. (2022). The Current State of Optical Sensors in Medical Wearables. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12040217"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-022-00439-w","article-title":"Wearable chemical sensors for biomarker discovery in the omics era","volume":"6","author":"Sempionatto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazanskiy, N.L., Butt, M.A., and Khonina, S.N. (2022). Recent Advances in Wearable Optical Sensor Automation Powered by Battery versus Skin-like Battery-Free Devices for Personal Healthcare\u2014A Review. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202201.0135.v1"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4296","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b05875","article-title":"Flexible and Superwettable Bands as a Platform toward Sweat Sampling and Sensing","volume":"91","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14938","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TC03905A","article-title":"Flexible, self-healable, adhesive and wearable hydrogel patch for colorimetric sweat detection","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.128549","article-title":"Cotton thread-based wearable sensor for non-invasive simultaneous diagnosis of diabetes and kidney failure","volume":"321","author":"Promphet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.123208","article-title":"Wearable tesla valve-based sweat collection device for sweat colorimetric analysis","volume":"240","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trechm.2019.07.001","article-title":"Body-Interfaced Chemical Sensors for Noninvasive Monitoring and Analysis of Biofluids","volume":"1","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Chem."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10130","DOI":"10.1002\/mds3.10130","article-title":"Advances and current challenges in non-invasive wearable sensors and wearable biosensors\u2014A mini-review","volume":"4","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Devices Sens."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944428","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.944428","article-title":"Electrospun nanofiber-based glucose sensors for glucose detection","volume":"10","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230003","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793545822300038","article-title":"Blood glucose sensors and recent advances: A review","volume":"15","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, I., Probst, D., Klonoff, D., and Sode, K. (2021). Continuous glucose monitoring systems\u2014Current status and future perspectives of the flagship technologies in biosensor research. Biosens. Bioelectron., 181.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113054"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W., Wang, L., Yang, Y., Du, W., Ji, W., Fang, Z., Hou, X., Wu, Q., Zhang, C., and Li, L. (2022). Optical flexible biosensors: From detection principles to biomedical applications. Biosens. Bioelectron., 210.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114328"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"1900348","article-title":"Carbon Quantum Dots as Antibacterial Photosensitizers and Their Polymer Nanocomposite Applications","volume":"37","author":"Markovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Part. Part. Syst. Charact."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1039\/C8GC02736F","article-title":"Carbon dots: Synthesis, formation mechanism, fluorescence origin and sensing applications","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2023.102920","article-title":"Stimuli-bioresponsive hydrogels as new generation materials for implantable, wearable, and disposable biosensors for medical diagnostics: Principles, opportunities, and challenges","volume":"317","author":"Barhoum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1039\/C8LC00530C","article-title":"A fluorometric skin-interfaced microfluidic device and smartphone imaging module for in situ quantitative analysis of sweat chemistry","volume":"18","author":"Sekine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1108\/SR-01-2019-0017","article-title":"Glucose oxidase-based biosensor for glucose detection from biological fluids","volume":"40","author":"Mandpe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11017","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR02529E","article-title":"Low dimensional materials for glucose sensing","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.1c01208","article-title":"Bioinspired Materials for Wearable Devices and Point-of-Care Testing of Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Hazra","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2022.116839","article-title":"Microfluidic (bio)-sensors based on 2-D layered materials","volume":"158","author":"Garg","year":"2023","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27906","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2012700117","article-title":"Soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic systems with integrated immunoassays, fluorometric sensors, and impedance measurement capabilities","volume":"117","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800628","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201800628","article-title":"Multifunctional Skin-Inspired Flexible Sensor Systems for Wearable Electronics","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.141615","article-title":"Special wettability for sensing: Drawing inspiration from nature","volume":"459","author":"Vineeth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.339226","article-title":"Glucose detection through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: A review","volume":"1206","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SD00030F","article-title":"Recent advances in optical sensors for con-tinuous glucose monitoring","volume":"1","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2004802","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202004802","article-title":"Understanding the Role of Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks in Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Application","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Chen, M., Peng, Y., Li, S., Han, D., Ren, S., Qin, K., Li, S., Han, T., and Wang, Y. (2023). Wearable biosensors for human fatigue diagnosis: A review. Bioeng. Transl. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10318"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106023","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202106023","article-title":"Glucose Detection Devices and Methods Based on Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks and Related Materials","volume":"31","author":"Adeel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51504","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c15238","article-title":"Fabrication of a Wearable Flexible Sweat pH Sensor Based on SERS-Active Au\/TPU Electrospun Nanofibers","volume":"13","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nan, M., Darmawan, B.A., Go, G., Zheng, S., Lee, J., Kim, S., Lee, T., Choi, E., Park, J.-O., and Bang, D. (2023). Wearable Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Biosensor with Highly Sensitive and Direct Detection of Cortisol in Human Sweat. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13020184"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Xu, K., Xu, H., Huang, A., Fang, Z., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Lu, K., Wan, F., and Bai, Z. (2022). A One-Dollar, Disposable, Paper-Based Microfluidic Chip for Real-Time Monitoring of Sweat Rate. Micromachines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13030414"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-019-0067-0","article-title":"A mass-customizable dermal patch with discrete colorimetric indicators for personalized sweat rate quantification","volume":"5","author":"Jain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"1710","article-title":"Research progress of true color digital night vision technology, Seventh Symposium on Novel Photoelectronic Detection Technology and Applications","volume":"117636","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, S., Feng, S., Huang, L., and Bian, S. (2020). Recent Progress in Wearable Biosensors: From Healthcare Monitoring to Sports Analytics. Biosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios10120205"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906713","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201906713","article-title":"The era of digital health: A review of portable and wearable affinity bio-sensors","volume":"30","author":"Tu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokus, M.A., and Daniele, M.A. (2021). Integrated non-invasive biochemical and biophysical sensing systems for health and performance monitoring: A systems perspective. Biosens. Bioelectron., 184.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113249"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700053","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201700053","article-title":"Wearable Sensing Systems with Mechanically Soft Assemblies of Nanoscale Materials","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1039\/C9PY00949C","article-title":"Tuning chromatic response, sensitivity, and specificity of polydiacetylene-based sensors","volume":"11","author":"Weston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10616","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201904416","article-title":"Dermal Tattoo Biosensors for Colorimetric Metabolite Detection","volume":"131","author":"Yetisen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101598","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202101598","article-title":"Toward Sustainable, Colorless, and Transparent Photovoltaics: State of the Art and Perspectives for the Development of Selective Near-Infrared Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells","volume":"11","author":"Grifoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2020.07.030","article-title":"Novel approaches for colorimetric measurements in analytical chemistry\u2014A review","volume":"1135","author":"Fernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000211","DOI":"10.1002\/adpr.202000211","article-title":"mOptical Sensing for the Internet of Things: A Smartphone-Controlled Platform for Temperature Monitoring","volume":"2","author":"Ramalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Photon- Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s40242-021-0404-3","article-title":"Molecular Motions in Polymer Matrix for Microenvironment Sensing","volume":"37","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Chin. Univ."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2020.110222","article-title":"Multi-color emission of Dy3+\/Eu3+ co-doped LiLuF4 single crystals for white light-emitting devices","volume":"108","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"Helander, M.G., Landauer, T.K., and Prabhu, P.V. (1997). Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction, Elsevier BV. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/ac22d9","article-title":"Recent progress in lanthanide-doped luminescent glasses for solid-state lighting applications\u2014A review","volume":"33","author":"Erol","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01749-x","article-title":"What colour are your eyes? Teaching the genetics of eye colour & colour vision. Edridge Green Lecture RCOphth Annual Congress Glasgow May 2019","volume":"36","author":"Mackey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2021.115209","article-title":"Enhancing the blue luminescence behaviour of the Na+ co-doped novel LiLaSiO4: \u03beTm3+ phosphor","volume":"202","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/col.22655","article-title":"Whiteness evaluation: A review and new proposals","volume":"46","year":"2021","journal-title":"Color Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1002\/col.22576","article-title":"Complementary colors: A literature review","volume":"46","author":"Pridmore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Color Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15452","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c03393","article-title":"Quantitative pH Determination Based on the Dominant Wavelength Analysis of Commercial Test Strips","volume":"93","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5657","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202101090","article-title":"Recent Advances in Colorimetric and Fluorescent Chemosensors for Ionic Species: Design, Principle and Optical Signalling Mechanism","volume":"6","author":"Dongare","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CC06178C","article-title":"Plasmonic quenching and enhancement: Metal\u2013quantum dot nanohybrids for fluorescence biosensing","volume":"59","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NJ04878J","article-title":"Fluorescence quenching mechanism and the application of green carbon nanodots in the de-tection of heavy metal ions: A review","volume":"45","author":"Sekar","year":"2021","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.3790","article-title":"Recent advances in fluorescence sensors based on DNA\u2013MOF hybrids","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Luminescence"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9820","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TC01990B","article-title":"Fluorescence-based sensors as an emerging tool for anion detection: Mechanism, sensory materials and applications","volume":"9","author":"Goshisht","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121411","article-title":"Recent advances and future trends on molecularly imprinted polymer-based fluorescence sensors with luminescent carbon dots","volume":"223","author":"Ansari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2021.109634","article-title":"Recent advances on reaction-based amine fluorescent probes","volume":"194","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dye. Pigment."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04323-7","article-title":"Physiological Mechanisms Determining Eccrine Sweat Composition","volume":"120","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"794","article-title":"Research advances on the regulatory mechanism of sweat secretion ion channels of eccrine sweat glands","volume":"38","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Burn."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, R., Nag, S., and Banerjee, P. (2023). Electrochemical Nanosensors for Sensitization of Sweat Metabolites: From Concept Mapping to Personalized Health Monitoring. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031259"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8691","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA07888G","article-title":"Wearable microfluidic-based e-skin sweat sensors","volume":"12","author":"Tabasum","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.8b00555","article-title":"Achievements and Challenges for Real-Time Sensing of Analytes in Sweat within Wearable Platforms","volume":"52","author":"Brothers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190217","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2019.0217","article-title":"Wearable flexible sweat sensors for healthcare monitoring: A review","volume":"16","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ac14ef","article-title":"Recent advances in flexible sweat glucose biosensors","volume":"54","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100194","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202100194","article-title":"Wearable Glucose Monitoring and Implantable Drug Delivery Systems for Diabetes Management","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Health Mater."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201x.2002.00927.x","article-title":"Effect of induced metabolic alkalosis on sweat composition in men","volume":"174","author":"Patterson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00321","article-title":"The pathophysiology and treatment of hypertension in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Barbot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1053\/j.akdh.2022.12.010","article-title":"Salt and Water: A Review of Hypernatremia","volume":"30","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Kidney Dis. Health"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2019.07.020","article-title":"Sweat sensing in the smart wearables era: Towards integrative, multifunctional and body-compliant perspiration analysis","volume":"296","author":"Legner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR06244A","article-title":"Recent advances in flexible and wearable sensors for monitoring chemical molecules","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SD00062H","article-title":"Point-of-care and self-testing for potassium: Recent advances","volume":"1","author":"Hutter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-4048-z","article-title":"Exercise intensity effects on total sweat electrolyte losses and regional vs. whole-body sweat [Na+], [Cl\u2212], and [K+]","volume":"119","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601355","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201601355","article-title":"Thin, Soft, Skin-Mounted Microfluidic Networks with Capillary Bursting Valves for Chrono-Sampling of Sweat","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-007-0485-0","article-title":"Nanoduct\u00ae sweat testing for rapid diagnosis in newborns, infants and children with cystic fibrosis","volume":"167","author":"Desax","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaar3921","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aar3921","article-title":"Skin-interfaced systems for sweat collection and analytics","volume":"4","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heffernan, S.M., Horner, K., De Vito, G., and Conway, G.E. (2019). The Role of Mineral and Trace Element Supplementation in Exercise and Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030696"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1479-7","article-title":"Iron, zinc, and physical performance","volume":"188","author":"McClung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, C.T.D.O.F., Vermeulen-Serpa, K.M., Pedro, A.C.C., Brand\u00e3o-Neto, J., de Lima Vale, S.H., and Figueiredo, M.S. (2022). Zinc in sickle cell disease: A narrative review. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 72.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2022.126980"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukasawa, H., Furuya, R., Kaneko, M., Nakagami, D., Ishino, Y., Kitamoto, S., Omata, K., and Yasuda, H. (2023). Clinical Significance of Trace Element Zinc in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041667"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2019.08.011","article-title":"Role of zinc supplementation in the management of chronic liver diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Diglio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.12775\/JEHS.2022.12.07.076","article-title":"Consequences of zinc deficiency in selected diseases\u2014Literature review","volume":"12","author":"Machaj","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Sport"},{"key":"ref_184","unstructured":"Durrani, A.M., and Parveen, H. (2022). Microbial Biofertilizers and Micronutrient Availability: The Role of Zinc in Agriculture and Human Health, Springer."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00180","article-title":"Iron in neurodegeneration\u2014Cause or consequence","volume":"13","author":"Ndayisaba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13345","article-title":"The role of iron repletion in adult iron deficiency anemia and other diseases","volume":"104","author":"Elstrott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voulgaridou, G., Papadopoulou, S.K., Detopoulou, P., Tsoumana, D., Giaginis, C., Kondyli, F.S., Lymperaki, E., and Pritsa, A. (2023). Vitamin D and Calcium in Osteoporosis, and the Role of Bone Turnover Markers: A Narrative Review of Recent Data from RCTs. Diseases, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases11010029"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10817","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO00787K","article-title":"Effects of combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation on osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2022.04.001","article-title":"Selvaratnam, Measuring magnesium\u2013Physiological, clinical and analytical perspectives","volume":"105","author":"Dent","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6ber, U. (2019). Magnesium and drugs. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092094"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandhi, M., Elfeky, O., Ertugrul, H., Chela, H.K., and Daglilar, E. (2023). Scurvy: Rediscovering a Forgotten Disease. Diseases, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases11020078"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trapani, S., Rubino, C., Indolfi, G., and Lionetti, P. (2022). A Narrative Review on Pediatric Scurvy: The Last Twenty Years. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030684"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103331","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202103331","article-title":"A Skin-Interfaced, Miniaturized Microfluidic Analysis and Delivery System for Colorimetric Measurements of Nutrients in Sweat and Supply of Vitamins Through the Skin","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-023-00514-2","article-title":"Dual-signal readout paper-based wearable biosensor with a 3D origami structure for multiplexed analyte detection in sweat","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00035.2019","article-title":"Sex Differences in Human Thermoregulation: Relevance for 2020 and Beyond","volume":"35","author":"Yanovich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.26332\/seemedj.v7i1.275","article-title":"The Physiology of Thermoregulation in Exercise: A Brief Review","volume":"7","author":"Lenasi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Southeast. Eur. Med. J. SEEMEDJ"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700309","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2013.2279105","article-title":"Design and Characterization of an Osmotic Sensor for the Detection of Events Associated with Dehydration and Overhydration","volume":"1","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000709","article-title":"News and views on heating, sweating, and cramping in sports","volume":"19","author":"Eichner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Sports Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.32598\/biomechanics.7.2.1","article-title":"Exercise-associated Muscle Cramps in Runners: A Review","volume":"7","author":"Fattahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sport Biomech."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2019.1632145","article-title":"Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health","volume":"6","author":"Baker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe3929","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe3929","article-title":"Skin-interfaced microfluidic system with personalized sweating rate and sweat chloride analytics for sports science applications","volume":"6","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2022.101759","article-title":"Biofluids manipulation methods for liquid biopsy in minimally-invasive assays","volume":"9","author":"Garzarelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2023.2213438","article-title":"Assessing accuracy of testing and diagnosis in cystic fibrosis","volume":"17","author":"Barillaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padash, M., Enz, C., and Carrara, S. (2020). Microfluidics by Additive Manufacturing for Wearable Biosensors: A Review. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154236"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2020.106249","article-title":"Fundamentals, materials and strategies for personal thermal management by next-generation textiles","volume":"142","author":"Farooq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1039\/D1LC00633A","article-title":"Printed microfluidic sweat sensing platform for cortisol and glucose detection","volume":"22","author":"Naik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-022-00192-6","article-title":"Flexible microfluidic nanoplasmonic sensors for refreshable and portable recognition of sweat biochemical fingerprint","volume":"6","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj Flex. Electron."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjac.2021.11.004","article-title":"Progress in wearable sweat sensors and their applications","volume":"50","author":"Juan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2206064","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202206064","article-title":"Access and Management of Sweat for Non-Invasive Biomarker Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"19","author":"Saha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoms.2021.05.001","article-title":"Advances on ultra-sensitive electrospun nanostructured electrochemical and colorimetric sensors for diabetes mellitus detection","volume":"3","author":"Hussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.122103","article-title":"Smartphone-based colorimetric determination of fluoride anions using polymethacrylate optode","volume":"226","author":"Saranchina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.131154","article-title":"Core-shell structured gold nanorods on thread-embroidered fabric-based microfluidic device for Ex Situ detection of glucose and lactate in sweat","volume":"353","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2022.132644","article-title":"Multi-parameter photoelectric data fitting for microfluidic sweat colorimetric analysis","volume":"372","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-022-00165-9","article-title":"A review of sampling, energy supply and intelligent monitoring for long-term sweat sensors","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj Flex. Electron."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s13206-020-4403-0","article-title":"Efficient Bond of PDMS and Printed Circuit Board with An Application on Continuous-flow Polymerase Chain Reaction","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioChip J."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2023.117001","article-title":"Applications of thread-based microfluidics: Approaches and options for detection","volume":"161","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Rey, S., Ojeda, E., Gunatilake, U.B., Basabe-Desmonts, L., and Benito-Lopez, F. (2021). Alginate Bead Biosystem for the Determination of Lactate in Sweat Using Image Analysis. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11100379"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202100888","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.202100888","article-title":"Organometallic Magnesium Complex with Aggre-gation Induced Emission Properties: Synthesis, Characterization, and Fluorescent Fibers Applications","volume":"23","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085401","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/26\/8\/085401","article-title":"A miniaturised image based fluorescence detection system for point-of-care-testing of cocaine abuse","volume":"26","author":"Walczak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-021-03865-9","article-title":"Wearable soft electrochemical microfluidic device integrated with iontophoresis for sweat biosensing","volume":"414","author":"Bolat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8071","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c22730","article-title":"Wearable Osmotic-Capillary Patch for Prolonged Sweat Harvesting and Sensing","volume":"13","author":"Saha","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.2c00830","article-title":"Wireless Wearable Electrochemical Sensing Platform with Zero-Power Osmotic Sweat Extraction for Continuous Lactate Monitoring","volume":"7","author":"Saha","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130880","article-title":"Gold-silver nanoparticles modified electrochemical sensor array for simultaneous determination of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) in wastewater samples","volume":"281","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130462","article-title":"Environmental footprint of voltammetric sensors based on screen-printed electrodes: An assessment towards \u201cgreen\u201d sensor manufacturing","volume":"278","author":"Ahamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.338304","article-title":"Highly reproducible solid contact ion selective electrodes: Emerging opportunities for potenti-ometry\u2013A review","volume":"1162","author":"Cheong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.140248","article-title":"Wearable, nanofiber-based microfluidic systems with integrated electrochemical and colorimetric sensing arrays for multiplex sweat analysis","volume":"454","author":"Mei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong-Cerda, R., Levin, L., Castro-R\u00edos, R., Hern\u00e1ndez-Luna, C.E., Gonz\u00e1lez-Horta, A., Guti\u00e9rrez-Soto, G., and Ch\u00e1vez-Montes, A. (2020). Nanoencapsulated laccases obtained by double-emulsion technique. Effects on enzyme activity pH-dependence and stability. Catalysts, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal10091085"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2822","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab090","article-title":"The effect of increasing temperature on crop photosynthesis: From enzymes to ecosystems","volume":"72","author":"Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9955","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c01431","article-title":"Highly Thermal-Wet Comfortable and Conformal Silk-Based Electrodes for On-Skin Sensors with Sweat Tolerance","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Sun, N., Lai, X., Li, Y., Zhao, X., Wu, J., and Zhou, W. (2023). Screen-Printed Wearable Sweat Sensor for Cost-Effective Assessment of Human Hydration Status through Potassium and Sodium Ion Detection. Micromachines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14081497"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.2c00177","article-title":"Resettable Microfluidics for Broad-Range and Prolonged Sweat Rate Sensing","volume":"7","author":"Bariya","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100776","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202100776","article-title":"Super-Hydrophilic Zwitterionic Polymer Surface Modification Facilitates Liquid Transportation of Microfluidic Sweat Sensors","volume":"43","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Sun, N., Luo, Y., Lai, X., Li, P., and Zhang, Z. (2022). Emergence of debubblers in microfluidics: A critical review. Biomicrofluidics, 16.","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0088551"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100039","DOI":"10.1002\/elsa.202100039","article-title":"Wearable microneedle dual electrochemical sensor for simultaneous pH and cortisol detection in sweat","volume":"2","author":"Mugo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electrochem. Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.2c02016","article-title":"Paper-Based Sandwich-Structured Wearable Sensor with Sebum Filtering for Continuous Detection of Sweat pH","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, C., Li, X., Wu, Q., and Liu, X. (2021). A thread-based wearable sweat nanobiosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron., 188.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113270"}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/14\/1\/17\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:43:41Z","timestamp":1760132621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/14\/1\/17"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]},"references-count":236,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["bios14010017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios14010017","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]}}}