{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T11:20:52Z","timestamp":1779276052843,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI)","award":["2021-4-R.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-4-R.0"]}]},{"name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI)","award":["F35F21002690005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F35F21002690005"]}]},{"name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI)","award":["850065633F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["850065633F"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the main challenges to be faced in deep space missions is to protect the health and ensure the maximum efficiency of the crew by preparing methods of prevention and in situ diagnosis. Indeed, the hostile environment causes important health problems, ranging from muscle atrophy, osteopenia, and immunological and metabolic alterations due to microgravity, to an increased risk of cancer caused by exposure to radiation. It is, therefore, necessary to provide new methods for the real-time measurement of biomarkers suitable for deepening our knowledge of the effects of space flight on the balance of the immune system and for allowing the monitoring of the astronaut\u2019s health during long-term missions. APHRODITE will enable human space exploration because it fills this void that affects both missions in LEO and future missions to the Moon and Mars. Its scientific objectives are the design, production, testing, and in-orbit demonstration of a compact, reusable, and reconfigurable system for performing the real-time analysis of oral fluid samples in manned space missions. In the frame of this project, a crew member onboard the ISS will employ APHRODITE to measure the selected target analytes, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), in oral fluid, in four (plus one additional desired session) separate experiment sessions. The paper addresses the design of the main subsystems of the analytical device and the preliminary results obtained during the first implementations of the device subsystems and testing measurements on Earth. In particular, the system design and the experiment data output of the lab-on-chip photosensors and of the front-end readout electronics are reported in detail along with preliminary chemical tests for the duplex competitive CL-immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of cortisol and DHEA-S. Different applications also on Earth are envisaged for the APHRODITE device, as it will be suitable for point-of-care testing applications (e.g., emergency medicine, bioterrorism, diagnostics in developing countries, etc.).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14020072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T07:49:47Z","timestamp":1706600987000},"page":"72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["APHRODITE: A Compact Lab-on-Chip Biosensor for the Real-Time Analysis of Salivary Biomarkers in Space Missions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2538-7764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Nardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 851, I-00138 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nithin Maipan","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 851, I-00138 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Sansolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 851, I-00138 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Baratto de Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 851, I-00138 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohcine","family":"Laarraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 851, I-00138 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3709-6662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Caputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, I-00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9935-2975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giampiero","family":"de Cesare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, I-00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyedeh Rojin","family":"Shariati Pour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u201cGiacomo Ciamician\u201d, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Tecnopolo di Rimini, Via Dario Campana 71, I-47922 Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4747-1283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Zangheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u201cGiacomo Ciamician\u201d, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Tecnopolo di Rimini, Via Dario Campana 71, I-47922 Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8215-9458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donato","family":"Calabria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u201cGiacomo Ciamician\u201d, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Aerospace Research (CIRI AEROSPACE), Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via Baldassarre Canaccini 12, I-47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Guardigli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u201cGiacomo Ciamician\u201d, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Aerospace Research (CIRI AEROSPACE), Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via Baldassarre Canaccini 12, I-47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2315-4761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Balsamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kayser Italy S.r.l. 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