{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T02:43:55Z","timestamp":1780541035052,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C3008169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C3008169"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Korea government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C3008169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C3008169"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vancomycin (VAN) is an effective antibiotic against Gram-positive bacteria and the first-line therapy to prevent and treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and severe infections. However, low concentrations of VAN can result in resistant strains. High doses of VAN can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity; thus, VAN is a representative drug for which drug monitoring is recommended. Several methods have been proposed to detect VAN. Among them, lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) have advantages, such as simple and user-friendly operation, low sample volume requirement, and cost effectiveness. In this study, we developed an LFIA capable of rapid on-site detection such that the VAN concentration in plasma could be monitored within 20 min by a one-step detection process using whole blood without plasma separation. VAN can be detected in whole blood over a wide range of concentrations (20\u221210,000 ng\/mL), and the LFIA reported here has a detection limit of 18 ng\/mL. The applicability of the developed LFIA compared to the results of measuring VAN with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit showed a satisfactory correlation (Spearman\u2019s rho, \u03c1 = 0.891). Therefore, the developed LFIA enables rapid and wide-range VAN detection in whole blood and can aid in drug monitoring to evaluate patients\u2019 responses to treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14030129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T03:31:23Z","timestamp":1709263883000},"page":"129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["One-Step Detection of Vancomycin in Whole Blood Using the Lateral Flow Immunoassay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yugyung","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4267-8637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seonjong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3525-0048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Gon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"GMD Biotech, Inc., Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2700-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital (CNUHH), Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Accelerator Platform of Precision Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital (CNUHH), Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0372-9185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myung-Geun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital (CNUHH), Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Accelerator Platform of Precision Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital (CNUHH), Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-019-00752-w","article-title":"Vancomycin and Its Crystalline Degradation Products Released from Bone Grafts and Different Types of Bone Cement","volume":"65","author":"Klapkova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0700853","article-title":"Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy and Imaging of the Vancomycin\/D-Ala-D- Ala Interaction","volume":"7","author":"Gilbert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, Z.K., Li, C., and Zhai, S. (2014). Di Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Vancomycin: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099044"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sohail, M., Muzzammil, M., Ahmad, M., Rehman, S., Garout, M., Khojah, T.M., Al-Eisa, K.M., Breagesh, S.A., Hamdan, R.M.A., and Alibrahim, H.I. (2023). Molecular Characterization of Community- and Hospital-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates during COVID-19 Pandemic. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010157"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nigo, M., Tran, H.T.N., Xie, Z., Feng, H., Mao, B., Rasmy, L., Miao, H., and Zhi, D. (2022). PK-RNN-V E: A Deep Learning Model Approach to Vancomycin Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Using Electronic Health Record Data. J. Biomed. Inform., 133.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2022.104166"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"21","article-title":"Therapeutic Monitoring of Vancomycin in Adult Patients: A Consensus Review of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists","volume":"31","author":"Martin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.09.021","article-title":"Plasma and Interstitial Fluid Population Pharmacokinetics of Vancomycin in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis","volume":"53","author":"Abraham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-012-1259-9","article-title":"Vancomycin-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Mechanism, Incidence, Risk Factors and Special Populations. A Literature Review","volume":"68","author":"Elyasi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1086\/600877","article-title":"Vancomycin Therapeutic Guidelines: A Summary of Consensus Recommendations from the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists","volume":"49","author":"Rybak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.04.007","article-title":"Vancomycin Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) and Its Association with Clinical Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort","volume":"15","author":"Shukri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2009.24.1.1","article-title":"Overview of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring","volume":"24","author":"Kang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6454","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03620-14","article-title":"Association between Vancomycin Trough Concentration and Area under the Concentration-Time Curve in Neonates","volume":"58","author":"Frymoyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.08.019","article-title":"Incidence and Risk Factors Influencing the Development of Vancomycin Nephrotoxicity in Children","volume":"158","author":"McKamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxaa036","article-title":"Therapeutic Monitoring of Vancomycin for Serious Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections: A Revised Consensus Guideline and Review by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists","volume":"77","author":"Rybak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Pharm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/cc1516","article-title":"Clinical Review: Use of Vancomycin in Haemodialysis Patients","volume":"6","author":"Izzedine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2014.05.016","article-title":"Innovative Approaches to Optimizing the Delivery of Vancomycin in Individual Patients","volume":"77","author":"Pai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.301337","article-title":"A Simple and Validated HPLC Method for Vancomycin Assay in Plasma Samples: The Necessity of TDM Center Development in Southern Iran","volume":"15","author":"Ghasemiyeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1761","article-title":"Quantification of Vancomycin in Human Serum by LC-MS\/MS","volume":"51","author":"Kobold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201300489","article-title":"Potential of Vancomycin for the Enantiomeric Resolution of FMOC-Amino Acids by Capillary Electrophoresis-Ion-Trap-Mass Spectrometry","volume":"35","author":"Montealegre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1411-y","article-title":"ELISA-Based Detection of Gentamicin and Vancomycin in Protein-Containing Samples","volume":"4","author":"Odekerken","year":"2015","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsiao, W.W.W., Le, T.N., Pham, D.M., Ko, H.H., Chang, H.C., Lee, C.C., Sharma, N., Lee, C.K., and Chiang, W.H. (2021). Recent Advances in Novel Lateral Flow Technologies for Detection of COVID-19. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11090295"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036826","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1036826","article-title":"A Highly Sensitive Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Rapid and on-Site Detection of Enrofloxacin in Milk","volume":"9","author":"Alhammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1080\/09540105.2017.1293014","article-title":"Development of Ic-ELISA and Lateral-Flow Immunochromatographic Assay Strip for the Detection of Vancomycin in Raw Milk and Animal Feed","volume":"28","author":"Kong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Agric. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763686","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.763686","article-title":"Rapid Monitoring of Vancomycin Concentration in Serum Using Europium (III) Chelate Nanoparticle-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay","volume":"9","author":"Bian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, M., Gu, H., Deng, K., Li, Z., Yuan, Y., He, Y., Jin, Y., and Lin, N. (2023). Fluorescent Immunochromatography of Vancomycin in Plasma: A Rapid and Sensitive Quantitative Analysis. Biomed. Chromatogr., 37.","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.5656"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.7.011205.135108","article-title":"Blood-on-a-Chip","volume":"7","author":"Toner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.11.070","article-title":"Blood Plasma Separation and Extraction from a Minute Amount of Blood Using Dielectrophoretic and Capillary Forces","volume":"145","author":"Nakashima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1039\/B514539B","article-title":"Paramagnetic Capture Mode Magnetophoretic Microseparator for High Efficiency Blood Cell Separations","volume":"6","author":"Han","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6030","DOI":"10.1021\/ac9013572","article-title":"Acoustic Whole Blood Plasmapheresis Chip for Prostate Specific Antigen Microarray Diagnostics","volume":"81","author":"Lenshof","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgos-Fl\u00f3rez, F., Rodr\u00edguez, A., Cervera, E., De \u00c1vila, M., Sanju\u00e1n, M., and Villalba, P.J. (2022). Microfluidic Paper-Based Blood Plasma Separation Device as a Potential Tool for Timely Detection of Protein Biomarkers. Micromachines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13050706"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1039\/C1LC20803A","article-title":"Integrated Separation of Blood Plasma from Whole Blood for Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40109","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c04908","article-title":"Efficient and Simple Paper-Based Assay for Plasma Separation Using Universal Anti-H Agglutinating Antibody","volume":"7","author":"Altarawneh","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105798","article-title":"ABO Blood Group Antigens and Differential Glycan Expression: Perspective on the Evolution of Common Human Enzyme Deficiencies","volume":"26","author":"Jajosky","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Dean, L. (2005). Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Neha, R.P. (2017). A Study of Blood Group Discrepancies and Incompatible Cross Match Cases. [Ph.D. Thesis, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45189","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c13303","article-title":"Absorption-Modulated SiO2@Au Core-Satellite Nanoparticles for Highly Sensitive Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein in Lateral Flow Immunosensors","volume":"14","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101143","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202101143","article-title":"An Overview for the Nanoparticles-Based Quantitative Lateral Flow Assay","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, C., and Kim, M. (2022). Direct Use of a Saliva-Collected Cotton Swab in Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Detection of Cotinine. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12040214"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Jacobsen, L.M., Bazydlo, L.A.L., Harris, N.S., and Winter, W.E. (2019). Accurate Results in the Clinical Laboratory, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.08.001","article-title":"User\u2019s Guide to Correlation Coefficients","volume":"18","author":"Akoglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-302765","article-title":"Vancomycin Continuous Infusion in Neonates: Dosing Optimisation and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring","volume":"98","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/14\/3\/129\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:07:26Z","timestamp":1760105246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/14\/3\/129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["bios14030129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios14030129","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]}}}