{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T02:30:36Z","timestamp":1774405836536,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation of USA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECCS-2232940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS-2232940"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation of USA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECCS-1905786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS-1905786"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid surface charge mapping of a solid surface remains a challenge. In this study, we present a novel microchip based on liquid crystals for assessing the surface charge distribution of a planar or soft surface. This chip enables rapid measurements of the local surface charge distribution of a charged surface. The chip consists of a micropillar array fabricated on a transparent indium tin oxide substrate, while the liquid crystal is used to fill in the gaps between the micropillar structures. When an object is placed on top of the chip, the local surface charge (or zeta potential) influences the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, resulting in changes in the magnitude of transmitted light. By measuring the intensity of the transmitted light, the distribution of the surface charge can be accurately quantified. We calibrated the chip in a three-electrode configuration and demonstrated the validity of the chip for rapid surface charge mapping using a borosilicate glass slide. This chip offers noninvasive, rapid mapping of surface charges on charged surfaces, with no need for physical or chemical modifications, and has broad potential applications in biomedical research and advanced material design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14040199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T06:21:12Z","timestamp":1713421272000},"page":"199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rapid Surface Charge Mapping Based on a Liquid Crystal Microchip"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Leixin","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruiting","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rubia","family":"Shaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5452-549X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiang","family":"Zhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-2905","article-title":"Surface Charge: A Key Determinant of Protein Localization and Function","volume":"70","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E19-08-0436","article-title":"Mapping the Electrostatic Profiles of Cellular Membranes","volume":"32","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. 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