{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T03:24:35Z","timestamp":1780629875208,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Library of the Vienna University of Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart failure represents a primary cause of hospitalization and mortality in both developed and developing countries, often necessitating heart transplantation as the only viable recovery path. Despite advances in transplantation medicine, organ rejection remains a significant post-operative challenge, traditionally monitored through invasive endomyocardial biopsies (EMB). This study introduces a rapid prototyping approach to organ rejection monitoring via a sensor-integrated flexible patch, employing electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for the non-invasive, continuous assessment of resistive and capacitive changes indicative of tissue rejection processes. Utilizing titanium-dioxide-coated electrodes for contactless impedance sensing, this method aims to mitigate the limitations associated with EMB, including procedural risks and the psychological burden on patients. The biosensor\u2019s design features, including electrode passivation and three-dimensional microelectrode protrusions, facilitate effective monitoring of cardiac rejection by aligning with the heart\u2019s curvature and responding to muscle contractions. Evaluation of sensor performance utilized SPICE simulations, scanning electron microscopy, and cyclic voltammetry, alongside experimental validation using chicken heart tissue to simulate healthy and rejected states. The study highlights the potential of EIS in reducing the need for invasive biopsy procedures and offering a promising avenue for early detection and monitoring of organ rejection, with implications for patient care and healthcare resource utilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14050253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T04:26:29Z","timestamp":1715919989000},"page":"253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Development of a Flexible Sensor-Integrated Tissue Patch to Monitor Early Organ Rejection Processes Using Impedance Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Ertl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9\/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tibor","family":"Wladimir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9\/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drago","family":"Sticker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9\/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Schuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9\/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9928-3631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Rothbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9\/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, W\u00e4hringer G\u00fcrtel 18-22, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Wieselthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7460-9378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Frauenlob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9\/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"CDC National Health Report: Leading causes of morbidity and mortality and associated behavioral risk and protective factors\u2014United States, 2005\u20132013","volume":"63","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Morb. 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