{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:52:30Z","timestamp":1793505150544,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the most common problems many babies encounter is neonatal jaundice. The symptoms are yellowing of the skin or eyes because of bilirubin (from above 2.0 to 2.5 mg\/dL in the blood). If left untreated, it can lead to serious neurological complications. Traditionally, jaundice detection has relied on invasive blood tests, but developing non-invasive biosensors has provided an alternative approach. This systematic review aims to assess the advancement of these biosensors. This review discusses the many known invasive and non-invasive diagnostic modalities for detecting neonatal jaundice and their limitations. It also notes that the recent research and development on non-invasive biosensors for neonatal jaundice diagnosis is still in its early stages, with the majority of investigations being in vitro or at the pre-clinical level. Non-invasive biosensors could revolutionize neonatal jaundice detection; however, a number of issues still need to be solved before this can happen. These consist of in-depth validation studies, affordable and user-friendly gadgets, and regulatory authority approval. To create biosensors that meet regulatory requirements, additional research is required to make them more precise and affordable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14050254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T04:26:29Z","timestamp":1715919989000},"page":"254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Development of Non-Invasive Biosensors for Neonatal Jaundice Detection: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chandan Jyoti","family":"Hazarika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya 793022, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alee","family":"Borah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya 793022, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poly","family":"Gogoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya 793022, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5103-3046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shrimanta S.","family":"Ramchiary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya 793022, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9794-7919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bethuel","family":"Daurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya 793022, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1753-192X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manashjit","family":"Gogoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya 793022, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6656-4333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manob Jyoti","family":"Saikia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-31802004000300005","article-title":"Bilirubin Dosage in Cord Blood: Could It Predict Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia?","volume":"122","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med. J."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kalakonda, A., Jenkins, B.A., and John, S. (2024, May 08). Physiology, Bilirubin. StatPearls, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470290\/."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1117","article-title":"The Epidemiologic Study of Neonatal Jaundice, Relation between Jaundice and Liver and Alternative Methods to Cure Jaundice","volume":"16","author":"Shirzadfar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asefa, G.G., Gebrewahid, T.G., Nuguse, H., Gebremichael, M.W., Birhane, M., Zereabruk, K., Zemicheal, T.M., Hailay, A., Abrha, W.A., and Hadera, S.A. (2020). Determinants of Neonatal Jaundice among Neonates Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Public General Hospitals of Central Zone, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, 2019: A Case-Control Study. Biomed Res. Int., 2020.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4743974"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"G668","article-title":"Biliverdin Reductase and Bilirubin in Hepatic Disease","volume":"314","author":"Weaver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Singh, A., Koritala, T., and Jialal, I. (2023). Evidence-Based Paediatrics, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Wolkoff, A.W., and Berk, P.D. (2017). Schiff\u2019s Diseases of the Liver, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"308242","article-title":"Membrane Transporters for Bilirubin and Its Conjugates: A Systematic Review","volume":"8","author":"Passamonti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2018.01.002","article-title":"Bilirubin in the Liver\u2013Gut Signaling Axis","volume":"29","author":"Hamoud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2024, May 08). Biliverdin-Wikipedia. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biliverdin."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1159\/000517301","article-title":"Jaundice as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Problem: A General Practitioner\u2019s Approach","volume":"40","author":"Markovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Al Sampath Kumar, K.P., Pharma, T., Sampath Kumar, K.P., and Bhowmik, D. (2010). The Pharma Research, a Journal Jaundice-Review of Clinical Features, Differential Diagnosis and Remedies. Res. (T. Ph. Res.), 4\u20136. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Debjit-Bhowmik-3\/publication\/290889408_Jaundice-review_of_clinical_features_differential_diagnosis_and_remedies\/links\/5b34c2ec4585150d23dc9273\/Jaundice-review-of-clinical-features-differential-diagnosis-and-remedies.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"474","article-title":"Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia","volume":"18","author":"Tripathi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2024, May 08). Bilirubin Blood Test: Procedure, Preparation, and Risks. Available online: https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/bilirubin-blood#procedure."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2023, August 28). Bilirubin Metabolism-UpToDate. Available online: https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/bilirubin-metabolism."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2024, May 08). Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia-StatPearls-NCBI Bookshelf, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK562172\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7210634","article-title":"Bilirubin Brain Toxicity","volume":"21","author":"Hansen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2944(81)90038-7","article-title":"Human Albumin from Cord Blood: Some Distinctive Characteristics","volume":"26","author":"Gallango","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochem. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.21276\/obgyn.2020.7.18","article-title":"Cord Blood Albumin, a Tool as Predictor of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia Requiring Intervention","volume":"7","author":"Pathak","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Indian J. OBGYN"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3126\/ajms.v11i4.29198","article-title":"Study of Cord Blood Albumin as a Predictor of Neonatal Jaundice","volume":"11","author":"Sapkota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.7199\/ped.oncall.2015.66","article-title":"Utility of Cord Blood Albumin as a Predictor of Significant Neonatal Jaundice in Healthy Term Newborns","volume":"12","author":"Meena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Oncall"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2023, November 21). Medscape Registration. Available online: https:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/2054430-overview?form=fpf."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"2018","article-title":"Pediatrics 2018: Haptoglobin in Cord Blood\u2014A Biomarker to Predict Neonatal Jaundice-Prathipa Santhanam-Brookdale University Hospital and Medical","volume":"4","author":"Santhanam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2023, November 21). Haptoglobin Test: Purpose, Procedure, and Results. Available online: https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/haptoglobin."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(91)90724-K","article-title":"Reaction Mechanism of Alkaline Phosphatase Based on Crystal Structures: Two-Metal Ion Catalysis","volume":"218","author":"Kim","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2023, November 21). What Is Alkaline Phosphatase? Function & Normal Range-SelfDecode Labs. Available online: https:\/\/labs.selfdecode.com\/blog\/alkaline-phosphatase-normal\/."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2011.02.014","article-title":"A Global Need for Affordable Neonatal Jaundice Technologies","volume":"35","author":"Slusher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Seminars in Perinatology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2019.10.034","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Bilirubin Determination Methods with Special Emphasis on Biosensors","volume":"89","author":"Rawal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292678","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1292678","article-title":"Demystifying Non-Invasive Approaches for Screening Jaundice in Low Resource Settings: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Abiha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.7150\/ntno.81485","article-title":"Personalized Biosensors for Point-of-Care Diagnostics: From Bench to Bedside Applications","volume":"7","author":"Chandra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanotheranostics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, V.A., Vo, G.N.L., Vo, T.-T.T., Doan, V.D., Vo, V., and Le, V.T. (2023). Recent Applications and Prospects of Nanowire-Based Biosensors. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11061739"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"332","article-title":"Soft Electronics for Advanced Infant Monitoring","volume":"59","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01543-1","article-title":"Screening Methods for Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia: Benefits, Limitations, Requirements, and Novel Developments","volume":"90","author":"Hulzebos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2022.2038074","article-title":"Current and Emerging Technologies for the Timely Screening and Diagnosis of Neonatal Jaundice","volume":"59","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"454","article-title":"Advancement of Dermal Icterus in the Jaundiced Newborn","volume":"118","author":"Kramer","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bansal, S., Kumar, V., Sharma, A., Sankar, M.J., Thukral, A., Verma, A., and Agarwal, R. (2024). Modified Kramer\u2019s versus Kramer\u2019s Method for Clinical Assessment of Jaundice in Term and Near-Term Neonates. Indian J. Pediatr., 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-023-05000-1"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.34172\/ajdr.2019.15","article-title":"Bilirubin in Saliva: A Potential Biomarker for Detecting Neonatal Jaundice","volume":"11","author":"Dizgah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.9790\/0853-0131728","article-title":"Review on \u201cEvolution of Methods of Bilirubin Estimation\u201d","volume":"1","author":"Puppalwar","year":"2012","journal-title":"IOSR J. Dent. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2018.09.034","article-title":"Development of New Methods for Determination of Bilirubin","volume":"162","author":"Ngashangva","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3109\/10408369109106872","article-title":"The Measurement of Bilirubin Fractions in Serum","volume":"28","author":"Doumas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Methods for Determining Bilirubin Level in Neonatal Jaundice Screening and Monitoring: A Literature Review Automated Ki67 Counting for Brain Tumour Grading View Project Paediatrics and Child Health View Project Methods for Determining Bilirubin Level in N","volume":"10","author":"Khalid","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eng. Res. Educ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.07.014","article-title":"Bilirubin Oxidases in Bioelectrochemistry: Features and Recent Findings","volume":"50","author":"Mano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2825(1999)13:5<219::AID-JCLA5>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Enzymatic Assay for Conjugated Bilirubin (Bc) in Serum Using Bilirubin Oxidase (BOD)","volume":"13","author":"Kimura","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.1140020813","article-title":"A Polishable Amperometric Biosensor for Bilirubin","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"1990","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(99)00196-0","article-title":"Mechanism of Hepatocellular Uptake of Albumin-Bound Bilirubin","volume":"1463","author":"Zucker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01242-3","article-title":"Transcutaneous Bilirubin Measurements: Useful, but Also Reproducible?","volume":"89","author":"Dani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04148-2","article-title":"Efficacy of Transcutaneous Bilirubinometry as Compared to Serum Bilirubin in Preterm Newborn during Phototherapy","volume":"180","author":"Gothwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2022.06.019","article-title":"Multifunctional Biosensor Activities in Food Technology, Microbes and Toxins\u2013A Systematic Mini Review","volume":"120","author":"Vallinayagam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44004","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/ab49ec","article-title":"The Uncertainty and Limit of Detection in Biosensors from Immunoassays","volume":"31","author":"Holgado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6210.1000235","article-title":"Biosensors: Their Fundamentals, Designs, Types and Most Recent Impactful Applications: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"315","article-title":"Biosensors: Classification, Fundamental Characterization and New Trends: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2015.12.009","article-title":"Piezoelectric Biosensors","volume":"79","year":"2016","journal-title":"TrAC-Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, D., and Goswami, T. (2011). Optical Biosensors: A Revolution towards Quantum Nanoscale Electronics Device Fabrication. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 2011.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/348218"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2024, May 08). Biosensors-Classification, Characterization and New Trends. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/284037145_Biosensors-classification_characterization_and_new_trends."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-017-2396-0","article-title":"Bilirubin Enzyme Biosensor: Potentiality and Recent Advances towards Clinical Bioanalysis","volume":"39","author":"Hooda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narwal, V., Batra, B., Kalra, V., Jalandra, R., Ahlawat, J., Hooda, R., Sharma, M., and Rana, J.S. (2021). Bilirubin Detection by Different Methods with Special Emphasis on Biosensing: A Review. Sens. Bio-Sensing Res., 33.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2021.100436"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anzar, N., Suleman, S., Kumar, R., Rawal, R., Pundir, C.S., Pilloton, R., and Narang, J. (2022). Electrochemical Sensor for Bilirubin Detection Using Paper-Based Screen-Printed Electrodes Functionalized with Silver Nanoparticles. Micromachines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13111845"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thangamuthu, M., Gabriel, W.E., Santschi, C., and Martin, O.J.F. (2018). Electrochemical Sensor for Bilirubin Detection Using Screen Printed Electrodes Functionalized with Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030800"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.10.055","article-title":"Paper-Based Potentiometric Sensing of Free Bilirubin in Blood Serum","volume":"126","author":"Bell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527644117.ch1","article-title":"Amperometric Biosensors","volume":"13","author":"Borgmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2022.340517","article-title":"Enzyme-Based Amperometric Biosensors: 60 Years Later\u2026 Quo Vadis?","volume":"1234","author":"Bollella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.12.034","article-title":"Construction of an Amperometric Bilirubin Biosensor Based on Covalent Immobilization of Bilirubin Oxidase onto Zirconia Coated Silica Nanoparticles\/Chitosan Hybrid Film","volume":"44","author":"Batra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719608000998","article-title":"Determination of Bilirubin by Fiberoptic Biosensor","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"8762","article-title":"The Optimal Absorption of Bilirubin Using an Optical Fibre Sensor","volume":"10","author":"Mohamad","year":"2015","journal-title":"ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Gupta, A.K., Yadav, A., Koch, P., and Mishra, P. (2022). Biosensors in Food Safety and Quality, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.08.012","article-title":"Molecularly Imprinted Hydroxyapatite Thin Film for Bilirubin Recognition","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2011.10.027","article-title":"Piezoelectric Detection of Bilirubin Based on Bilirubin-Imprinted Titania Film Electrode","volume":"421","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2021.130574","article-title":"Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode for the Electrochemical Detection of Conjugated Bilirubin","volume":"304","author":"Resmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe3793","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe3793","article-title":"Neonatal Wearable Device for Colorimetry-Based Real-Time Detection of Jaundice with Simultaneous Sensing of Vitals","volume":"7","author":"Inamori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashim, W., Al-Naji, A., Al-Rayahi, I.A., Alkhaled, M., and Chahl, J. (2021). Neonatal Jaundice Detection Using a Computer Vision System. Designs, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/designs5040063"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Althnian, A., Almanea, N., and Aloboud, N. (2021). Neonatal Jaundice Diagnosis Using a Smartphone Camera Based on Eye, Skin, and Fused Features with Transfer Learning. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217038"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedinformatics4010034","article-title":"Real-Time Jaundice Detection in Neonates Based on Machine Learning Models","volume":"4","author":"Abdulrazzak","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioMedInformatics"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1080\/21681163.2023.2244601","article-title":"Non-Invasive and Non-Contact Automatic Jaundice Detection of Infants Based on Random Forest","volume":"11","author":"Khanam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. Imaging Vis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-5663(95)96852-P","article-title":"A Bilirubin Biosensor Based on a Multilayer Network Enzyme Electrode","volume":"10","author":"Shoham","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37584","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA08604H","article-title":"Efficient Detection of a Biomarker for Infant Jaundice by a Europium (Iii)-Organic Framework Luminescence Sensor","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(97)87785-9","article-title":"A Fiber Optic Sensor for Rapid Analysis of Bilirubin in Serum","volume":"353","author":"Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2013.07.001","article-title":"Oxygen Biosensor Based on Bilirubin Oxidase Immobilized on a Nanostructured Gold Electrode","volume":"94","author":"Pita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/14\/5\/254\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:43:46Z","timestamp":1760107426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/14\/5\/254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["bios14050254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios14050254","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]}}}