{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T17:15:05Z","timestamp":1776273305766,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Throughout the central nervous system, the spinal cord plays a very important role, namely, transmitting sensory and motor information inwardly so that it can be processed by the brain. There are many different ways this structure can be damaged, such as through traumatic injury or surgery, such as scoliosis correction, for instance. Consequently, damage may be caused to the nervous system as a result of this. There is no doubt that optical devices such as microscopes and cameras can have a significant impact on research, diagnosis, and treatment planning for patients with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Additionally, these technologies contribute a great deal to our understanding of these injuries, and they are also essential in enhancing the quality of life of individuals with spinal cord injuries. Through increasingly powerful, accurate, and minimally invasive technologies that have been developed over the last decade or so, several new optical devices have been introduced that are capable of improving the accuracy of SCI diagnosis and treatment and promoting a better quality of life after surgery. We aim in this paper to present a timely overview of the various research fields that have been conducted on optical devices that can be used to diagnose spinal cord injuries as well as to manage the associated health complications that affected individuals may experience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14060296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T10:05:50Z","timestamp":1717581950000},"page":"296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Optical Devices for the Diagnosis and Management of Spinal Cord Injuries: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sonika","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8102-3930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neeti","family":"Kalyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Denmark Technical University, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4684-915X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taposhree","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howarh 711103, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1923-6828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas Salvador","family":"Vel\u00e1zquez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navigation and Positioning, Center Technologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Avinguda Carl Friedrich Gauss, 11, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3932-0461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Llamas-Garro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navigation and Positioning, Center Technologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Avinguda Carl Friedrich Gauss, 11, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1046-9489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bora","family":"Ung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Ecole de Technologie Superieure, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3906-7603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Bas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space and Resilient Communications and Systems (SRCOM), Center Technologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Avinguda Carl Friedrich Gauss, 11, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2320-9013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rakesh","family":"Dubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, 70-453 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7880-868X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satyendra K.","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space and Resilient Communications and Systems (SRCOM), Center Technologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Avinguda Carl Friedrich Gauss, 11, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198107000-00001","article-title":"Spinal cord injury: Review of basic and applied research","volume":"6","year":"1981","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesan, D., Elangovan, A., Winster, H., Pasha, M.Y., Abraham, K.S., Satheeshkumar, J., Sivaprakash, P., Niraikulam, A., Gopalakrishnan, A.V., and Narayanasamy, A. 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