{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:16:29Z","timestamp":1760145389576,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A non-invasive and non-pharmacological approach is evaluated for the proprioceptive and postural improvement of PD subjects. The authors evaluated the effectiveness of a class I medical device according to EU regulation 745\/2017 designed to develop the mechanism of action based on the modulation of action potentials, which occurs in prevalent pathways of the afferent peripheral nervous system efferent in subjects with spasticity. The present observational study, structured in a double-blind randomized manner, therefore, had the main aim of evaluating the ability of the device to improve on the motor and proprioceptive function of PD patients. This study was based on the instrumented gait analysis performed according to the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test procedure, as well as using a fall risk assessment in accordance with the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) procedures. This study involved 25 participants in the active group (no placebo) and 25 in the non-active group (placebo), the latter to whom non-functional devices were applied, but in every respect identical to the functional devices applied to the 25 patients in the no placebo group. Data analysis was conducted using statistical methodologies for statistics, the statistical significance of the results for the observed samples and the interdependence between the measured variables. The study of the mechanism of action based on the remodulation of action potentials was preliminary conducted through numerical modeling of the Hodgkin\u2013Huxley axon, modified by introducing the influence of the capacitive device applied in clinical tests into the validated model to target the dielectric properties of materials constituting the passive sensor. The use of the neuromodulation device promises observable improvements in motor function among PD patients, including increased limb mobility and greater postural stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14070354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T14:45:53Z","timestamp":1721659553000},"page":"354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Capacitive Neuromodulation via Material-Based Passive Interaction: Efficacy in Motor Function Improvement in Parkinson Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8896-3386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"D\u2019Errico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Via La Masa 1, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Serio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASL Taranto, Viale Virgilio, 31, 74121 Taranto, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Carioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.P.R Meds Srl, Via Ugo La Malfa 3, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00048.2011","article-title":"The proprioceptive senses: Their roles in signaling body shape, body position and movement, and muscle force","volume":"92","author":"Proske","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S., Zhang, Y., Xiao, G., Duan, Y., Wang, M., Song, Y., Dai, Y., Liu, J., Luo, J., and Zhang, S. (2020, January 20\u201324). Research on the Characteristics of Action Potentials and Local Field Potentials in Cortex of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Mode Monkey. Proceedings of the 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9175452"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hall, J.E., and Hall, M.E. (2020). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. Guyton Physiology, Elsevier Health Sciences. [14th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.01.037","article-title":"Nociception","volume":"27","author":"Tracey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burke, K.J., and Bender, K.J. (2019). Modulation of Ion Channels in the Axon: Mechanisms and Function. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00221"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7575","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1427-23.2023","article-title":"Advances in Deep Brain Stimulation: From Mechanisms to Applications","volume":"43","author":"Hacker","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-141131","article-title":"Segmental muscle vibration modifies muscle activation during reaching in chronic stroke: A pilot study","volume":"35","author":"Paoloni","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He\u00df, T., Oehlwein, C., and Milani, T.L. (2023). Anticipatory Postural Adjustments and Compensatory Postural Responses to Multidirectional Perturbations-Effects of Medication and Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13030454"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036020","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab131b","article-title":"Thermal block of action potentials is primarily due to voltage-dependent potassium currents: A modeling study","volume":"16","author":"Ganguly","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krames, E.S., Peckham, P.H., and Rezai, A.R. (2009). Chapter 11\u2014Fundamentals of Electrical Stimulation. Neuromodulation, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374248-3.00002-1"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Liboff, A.R. (1992). The Ion Cyclotron Resonance Hypothesis, Oxford Academic."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004764","article-title":"A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve","volume":"117","author":"Hodgkin","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004717","article-title":"Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of loligo","volume":"116","author":"Hodgkin","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.camwa.2008.10.097","article-title":"A comparative study of numerical methods for solving an integro-differential equation","volume":"57","author":"Bahuguna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, B. (2020). Neural Modeling. Neural Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-43395-6"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Bower, J., and Beeman, D. (1998). The Hodgkin-Huxley model. The Book of GENESIS: Exploring Realistic Neural Models with the GEneral Neural Simulation System, Springer. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14064","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3403-12.2012","article-title":"The Hodgkin-Huxley heritage: From channels to circuits1","volume":"32","author":"Catterall","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental status\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"1975","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000405146.06300.91","article-title":"Parkinsonism: Onset, progression, and mortality","volume":"77","author":"Hoehn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","article-title":"The Timed \u201cUp & Go\u201d: A Test of Basic Functional Mobility for Frail Elderly Persons","volume":"39","author":"Podsiadlo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreutzer, J.S., DeLuca, J., and Caplan, B. (2011). Berg Balance Scale. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-79948-3"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaao3659","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao3659","article-title":"Chemical potential\u2013electric double layer coupling in conjugated polymer\u2013polyelectrolyte blends","volume":"3","author":"Tybrandt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19677","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007545117","article-title":"Surface polarization effects in confined polyelectrolyte solutions","volume":"117","author":"Bagchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/14\/7\/354\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:20:22Z","timestamp":1760109622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/14\/7\/354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["bios14070354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios14070354","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-6374"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]}}}