{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:29:06Z","timestamp":1791606546215,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82372016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82372016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YG2022QN006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YG2022QN006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YG2024QNA15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YG2024QNA15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","award":["82372016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82372016"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","award":["YG2022QN006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YG2022QN006"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","award":["YG2024QNA15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YG2024QNA15"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing worldwide. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is widely applied with the use of extracted biological cell samples, but current FNA cytology is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and can lead to the risk of false-negative results. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) combined with machine learning algorithms holds promise for cancer diagnosis. In this study, we develop a label-free SERS liquid biopsy method with machine learning for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of thyroid cancer by using thyroid FNA washout fluids. These liquid supernatants are mixed with silver nanoparticle colloids, and dispersed in quartz capillary for SERS measurements to discriminate between healthy and malignant samples. We collect Raman spectra of 36 thyroid FNA samples (18 malignant and 18 benign) and compare four classification models: Principal Component Analysis\u2013Linear Discriminant Analysis (PCA-LDA), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The results show that the CNN algorithm is the most precise, with a high accuracy of 88.1%, sensitivity of 87.8%, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.953. Our approach is simple, convenient, and cost-effective. This study indicates that label-free SERS liquid biopsy assisted by deep learning models holds great promise for the early detection and screening of thyroid cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14080372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T08:02:27Z","timestamp":1722412947000},"page":"372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Label-Free Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy with Machine Learning for the Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer by Using Fine-Needle Aspiration Liquid Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lili","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1298-9744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5015-8754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Puwasit","family":"Wongwasuratthakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4765-3370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3818-3581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8079-5768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linley Li","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.11.002","article-title":"Thyroid nodules: A guide to assessment, treatment and follow-up","volume":"96","author":"Paschou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13391-3","article-title":"Risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules: Predictive value of puncture feeling of grittiness in the process of fine-needle aspiration","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. 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