{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T04:04:57Z","timestamp":1793160297619,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wearable tear-based biosensors have garnered substantial interest for real time monitoring with an emphasis on personalized health care. These biosensors utilize major tear biomarkers such as proteins, lipids, metabolites, and electrolytes for the detection and recording of stable biological signals in a non-invasive manner. The present comprehensive review delves deep into the tear composition along with potential biomarkers that can identify, monitor, and predict certain ocular diseases such as dry eye disease, conjunctivitis, eye-related infections, as well as diabetes mellitus. Recent technologies in tear-based wearable point-of-care medical devices, specifically the state-of-the-art and prospects of glucose, pH, lactate, protein, lipid, and electrolyte sensing from tear are discussed. Finally, the review addresses the existing challenges associated with the widespread application of tear-based sensors, which will pave the way for advanced scientific research and development of such non-invasive health monitoring devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14100483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T04:29:26Z","timestamp":1728361766000},"page":"483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Tear-Based Ocular Wearable Biosensors for Human Health Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6252-5978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arunima","family":"Rajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Flexible Electronics and Advanced Materials, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri 690525, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3704-291X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jithin","family":"Vishnu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Flexible Electronics and Advanced Materials, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri 690525, India"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri 690525, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balakrishnan","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Flexible Electronics and Advanced Materials, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri 690525, India"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri 690525, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medntd.2022.100118","article-title":"Flexible, wearable biosensors for digital health","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. 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