{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:48:29Z","timestamp":1787870909372,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["465389\/2014-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465389\/2014-7"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["315838\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315838\/2021-3"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["152470\/2024-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["152470\/2024-7"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["465389\/2014-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465389\/2014-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["315838\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315838\/2021-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["152470\/2024-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["152470\/2024-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Pro-Rectory for Research and Post-Graduation of Federal University of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro (UFTM)","award":["465389\/2014-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465389\/2014-7"]}]},{"name":"Pro-Rectory for Research and Post-Graduation of Federal University of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro (UFTM)","award":["315838\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315838\/2021-3"]}]},{"name":"Pro-Rectory for Research and Post-Graduation of Federal University of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro (UFTM)","award":["152470\/2024-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["152470\/2024-7"]}]},{"name":"Pro-Rectory for Research and Post-Graduation of Federal University of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro (UFTM)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has posed a major challenge to global health. The development of fast, accurate, and accessible diagnostic methods is essential in controlling the disease and mitigating its impacts. In this context, electrochemical biosensors present themselves as promising tools for the efficient monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We have developed a highly specific biosensor for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patient sera. The use of the RBD-S region as an antigen, although purified to minimize cross-linking, poses a specific challenge. The structural similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses, as well as the complexity of the serum matrix, hinders robust analytical strategies to ensure diagnostic accuracy. This work presents a novel immunosensor for COVID-19 diagnosis using laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes subjected to electrochemical reduction with graphene (named rGraphene-LIG). In the present study, we chose an initial approach focused on demonstrating the concept and evaluating the feasibility of the rGraphene-LIG sensor for SARS-CoV-2 detection. The rGraphene-LIG electrodes presented a notable current increase for the redox probe in the aqueous solution of a mixture of 5 mmol L\u22121 potassium ferricyanide\/ferrocyanide ([Fe(CN)6]3\u2212\/[Fe(CN)6]4\u2212) in 0.1 mol L\u22121 KCl (pH set at 7.4). As a proof of concept, the rGraphene-LIG electrode was applied for antibody determination in real samples using cyclic voltammetry, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.032 \u03bcg L\u22121 was achieved. When determining antigens in commercial samples, we obtained an LOD of 560 \u03b7g mL\u22121 and a limit of quantification of 1677 \u03b7g mL\u22121. The results of the electrochemical experiments were in accordance with the surface roughness obtained from atomic force microscopy images. Based on these results, the rGraphene-LIG electrode is shown to be an excellent platform for immunoglobulin detection when present in individuals after antigenic exposure caused by SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14110514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T04:10:14Z","timestamp":1729570214000},"page":"514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Electrochemical Immunosensors on Laser-Induced Graphene Platforms for Monitoring of Anti-RBD Antibodies After SARS-CoV-2 Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Beatriz R.","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Federal University of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, Brazil"},{"name":"INCT-Neuroimmune Modulation, Uberaba 38025-350, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Chemitry, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3469-0022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristhianne Molinero R.","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Federal University of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, Brazil"},{"name":"INCT-Neuroimmune Modulation, Uberaba 38025-350, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5479-8594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme F.","family":"Sim\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Federal University of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8712-2064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rh\u00e9ltheer","family":"de Paula Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Federal University of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas V.","family":"de Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemitry, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago A.","family":"Matias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemitry, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8706-4223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virmondes Rodrigues","family":"J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Federal University of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, Brazil"},{"name":"INCT-Neuroimmune Modulation, Uberaba 38025-350, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8230-5825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Alejandro Abarza","family":"Munoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemitry, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata Pereira","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural, Exact and Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, Federal University of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Iturama 38280-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-023-00672-y","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies for COVID-19: Progress and lessons learned","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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