{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:05:58Z","timestamp":1791385558624,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF CAREER Award","award":["1942487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1942487"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide. They mainly include coronary artery disease, rheumatic heart disease, andcerebrovascular disease, and. Cardiovascular diseases can be better managed and diagnosed using wearable devices. Wearable devices, in comparison to traditional cardiovascular diagnostic tools, are not only inexpensive but also have the potential to provide continuous real-time monitoring. This paper reviews some of the recent advances in cardiovascular wearable devices. It discusses traditional implantable devices for cardiovascular diseases as well as wearable devices. The different types of wearable devices are categorized based on different technologies, namely using galvanic contact, photoplethysmography (PPG), and radio frequency (RF) waves. It also highlights the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in cardiovascular disease diagnostics as well as future perspectives on cardiovascular devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14110525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T09:57:36Z","timestamp":1730368656000},"page":"525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Advances in Cardiovascular Wearable Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sheikh Muhammad Asher","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"},{"name":"Asghar-Lab, Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1407-070X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Ann","family":"Leavitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4461-7307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imadeldin","family":"Mahgoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0458-8430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waseem","family":"Asghar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"},{"name":"Asghar-Lab, Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences (Courtesy Appointment), Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, June 18). Cardiovascular Diseases. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/cardiovascular-diseases#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E93","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001123","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics\u20142023 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association","volume":"147","author":"Tsao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-021-00107-x","article-title":"Advances in healthcare wearable devices","volume":"5","author":"Iqbal","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Flex. Electron."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23680-1","article-title":"Development of a wearable belt with integrated sensors for measuring multiple physiological parameters related to heart failure","volume":"12","author":"Iqbal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2022.3181252","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Detection Using Comprehensive Analysis of Timed Up and Go Test via Kinect V.2 Camera and Machine Learning","volume":"30","author":"Seifallahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3390\/iot5010008","article-title":"A Wearable Internet of Things Device for Noninvasive Remote Monitoring of Vital Signs Related to Heart Failure","volume":"5","author":"Iqbal","year":"2024","journal-title":"IoT"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26841","article-title":"A wearable telehealth system for the monitoring of parameters related to heart failure","volume":"10","author":"Iqbal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otoo, J.A., and Schlappi, T.S. (2022). REASSURED Multiplex Diagnostics: A Critical Review and Forecast. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12020124"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2023, June 18). Global Connected Wearable Devices 2019\u20132022|Statista. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/490231\/wearable-devices-worldwide-by-region\/."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2023, June 18). Wearable Healthcare Technology Statistics\u2014Vicert. Available online: https:\/\/vicert.com\/blog\/wearable-healthcare-technology-statistics\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2023, June 20). Pacemakers\u2014What Are Pacemakers?|NHLBI, NIH, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health\/pacemakers."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2023, June 20). Arrhythmias\u2014What Is an Arrhythmia?|NHLBI, NIH, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health\/arrhythmias."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2023, June 20). Pacemakers and Defibrillators|Columbia Surgery. Available online: https:\/\/columbiasurgery.org\/conditions-and-treatments\/pacemakers-and-defibrillators."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2023, June 20). Loop Recorder: What It Is, Why Doctors Use It, and More. Available online: https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-a-loop-recorder-detect-a-heart-attack."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.13728","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a small implantable cardiac monitor with a long sensing vector","volume":"42","author":"Piorkowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"PACE\u2014Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2024, June 21). BIOMONITOR III. Available online: https:\/\/www.biotronik.com\/en-us\/products\/crm\/arrhythmia-monitoring\/biomonitor-3."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2024, June 21). LUX-Dx II+ ICM System\u2014Boston Scientific. Available online: https:\/\/www.bostonscientific.com\/en-US\/medical-specialties\/electrophysiology\/icm-lux-dx.html?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjw7NmzBhBLEiwAxrHQ-YnsdeofBn5pXP9KH5VX2BEGNeff2f-mFd8jlcUa99LJtxPtLSuORhoC4tYQAvD_BwE."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2024, June 21). Why Assert-IQ Insertable Cardiac Monitor|Abbott. Available online: https:\/\/www.cardiovascular.abbott\/us\/en\/hcp\/products\/cardiac-rhythm-management\/insertable-cardiac-monitors\/assert-iq-icm\/why.html?utm_source=google&utm_medium=sem+ad+3&utm_campaign=Medtronic+Micra&utm_id=%5B176030000288%5D+CRM%7CIQ+-+Competition&utm_term=medtronic+heart+monitor+implant&utm_content=SMART-MI+study&gclid=CjwKCAjw7NmzBhBLEiwAxrHQ-TqYxa9QqA4O8cZBTjqJJhB-r5ULbW1ZHj1LrrJDJek-Y8wmSv6dGRoCgMkQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2023, June 20). Implantable Loop Recorder: A Heart Monitoring Device. Available online: https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/tests-procedures\/implantable-loop-recorder\/pyc-20384986."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2023, June 20). Device Characteristics Size and Mass Volume 1.2 cm3. Available online: https:\/\/www.medtronic.com\/content\/dam\/medtronic-wide\/public\/united-states\/products\/cardiac-vascular\/cardiac-rhythm\/cardiac-monitoring\/reveal-linq-find-lasting-peace-of-mind-brochure.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petryszyn, P., Niewinski, P., Staniak, A., Piotrowski, P., Well, A., Well, M., Jeskowiak, I., Lip, G., and Ponikowski, P. (2019). Effectiveness of screening for atrial fibrillation and its determinants. A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213198"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv512","article-title":"Left ventricular heart failure and pulmonary hypertension","volume":"37","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brugts, J.J., Radhoe, S.P., Aydin, D., Theuns, D.A., and Veenis, J.F. (2021). Clinical Update of the Latest Evidence for CardioMEMS Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: A Promising System for Remote Heart Failure Care. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072335"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2024, June 16). How the CardioMEMS HF System and Merlin.net PCN Works|Abbott. Available online: https:\/\/www.cardiovascular.abbott\/us\/en\/hcp\/products\/heart-failure\/pulmonary-pressure-monitors\/cardiomems\/about\/how-it-works.html."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2023, June 23). How Much Does a Pacemaker Cost Without Medicare?. Available online: https:\/\/www.medicareinsuranceaz.com\/how-much-will-a-pacemaker-cost-without-medicare."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.4235","article-title":"Cost-utility analysis of an implantable cardioverterdefibrillator for the treatment of patients with ischemic or non-ischemic New York Heart Association class II or III heart failure in Colombia","volume":"39","author":"Senior","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biom\u00e9dica"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2023, June 23). Prices for Insertion of Implantable Cardiac Loop Recorder Services|Turquoise Health. Available online: https:\/\/turquoise.health\/services\/insertion-of-implantable-cardiac-loop-recorder\/."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2023, June 23). The Life-Saving Heart Device That Costs \u00a32000 and Tells Your Doctor When There\u2019s a Problem\u2014Jersey Evening Post. Available online: https:\/\/jerseyeveningpost.com\/news\/2015\/02\/10\/the-life-saving-heart-device-that-costs-2000-and-tells-your-doctor-when-theres-a-problem\/."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22696","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness of Remote Cardiac Monitoring with the CardioMEMS Heart Failure System","volume":"40","author":"Schmier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2023, June 23). Cardiac Monitors\u2014Reveal LINQ ICM System|Medtronic. Available online: https:\/\/www.medtronic.com\/us-en\/healthcare-professionals\/products\/cardiac-rhythm\/cardiac-monitors\/reveal-linq-icm.html."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2023, June 23). Implantable Device Replacement Procedure|Johns Hopkins Medicine. Available online: https:\/\/www.hopkinsmedicine.org\/health\/conditions-and-diseases\/implantable-device-replacement-procedure."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2023, June 20). Overview of Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs)\u2014Health Encyclopedia\u2014University of Rochester Medical Center. Available online: https:\/\/www.urmc.rochester.edu\/encyclopedia\/content.aspx?contenttypeid=85&contentid=p00234."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2023, June 24). Photoplethysmography (PPG). Available online: https:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/health\/Photoplethysmography-(PPG).aspx."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2023, June 24). Holter Monitor|Johns Hopkins Medicine. Available online: https:\/\/www.hopkinsmedicine.org\/health\/treatment-tests-and-therapies\/holter-monitor."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rashkovska, A., and Avbelj, V. (2017, January 22\u201326). Abdominal fetal ECG measured with differential ECG sensor. Proceedings of the 2017 40th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), Opatija, Croatia. Available online: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7973436?denied=.","DOI":"10.23919\/MIPRO.2017.7973436"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2023, June 24). Savvy. Available online: http:\/\/www.savvy.si\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Wellue Pulsebit EX ECG Monitor (2023, June 24). Take a Medical-Grade EKG in Your Palm. Available online: https:\/\/getwellue.com\/pages\/pulsebit-ex-ekg-monitor."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2023, June 24). Apple Watch Series 8\u2014Apple. Available online: https:\/\/www.apple.com\/apple-watch-series-8\/."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2023, June 24). Take an ECG with the ECG App on Apple Watch\u2014Apple Support. Available online: https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-us\/HT208955."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200477","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202200477","article-title":"A Breathable and Stretchable Metastructure for a Versatile Hybrid Electronic Skin Patch with Long-Term Skin Comfort","volume":"8","author":"Hwang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.140690","article-title":"Multifunctional, breathable MXene-PU mesh electronic skin for wearable intelligent 12-lead ECG monitoring system","volume":"455","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808695","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201808695","article-title":"Self-Healable Multifunctional Electronic Tattoos Based on Silk and Graphene","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"230","article-title":"A Real-Time QRS Detection Algorithm","volume":"32","author":"Tompkins","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013002","DOI":"10.1063\/10.0009365","article-title":"Highly sensitive and stretchable piezoelectric strain sensor enabled wearable devices for real-time monitoring of respiratory and heartbeat simultaneously","volume":"5","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Precis. Eng. (NPE)"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2019.09.008","article-title":"Portable piezoelectric cardiac abnormality detection","volume":"58","author":"Mokhtari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"195","article-title":"A review on wearable photoplethysmography sensors and their potential future applications in health care","volume":"4","author":"Castaneda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atech.2023.100264","article-title":"A wearable photoplethysmography sensor for non-invasive equine heart rate monitoring","volume":"5","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Smart Agric. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5092","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2023.3251742","article-title":"Learning to estimate heart rate from accelerometer and user\u2019s demographics during physical exercises","volume":"28","author":"Pacheco","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2023, June 29). IEEE Xplore Full-Text PDF. Available online: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/stamp\/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10132411."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24197","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3219297","article-title":"The Use of Wrist EMG Increases the PPG Heart Rate Accuracy in Smartwatches","volume":"22","author":"Friman","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20571","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-14399-w","article-title":"Remote real-time heart rate monitoring with recursive motion artifact removal using PPG signals from a smartphone camera","volume":"82","author":"Hosni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2023, June 30). High Blood Pressure Symptoms and Causes|cdc.gov, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/high-blood-pressure\/about\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2023, June 30). Hypertension. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hypertension."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2005.00548.x","article-title":"Scipione Riva-Rocci and the men behind the mercury sphygmomanometer","volume":"60","author":"Roguin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"480","article-title":"Reintroduction of Riva-Rocci measurements to determine systolic blood pressure?","volume":"66","author":"Verrij","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neth. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-023-01258-2","article-title":"Aktiia cuffless blood pressure monitor yields equivalent daytime blood pressure measurements compared to a 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitor: Preliminary results from a prospective single-center study","volume":"46","author":"Almeida","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2023, June 30). Aktiia|Your Home Blood Pressure Monitoring Solution. Available online: https:\/\/aktiia.com\/."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00796-w","article-title":"Continuous cuffless blood pressure monitoring with a wearable ring bioimpedance device","volume":"6","author":"Sel","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Non-Invasive Sphygmomanometers\u2014Part 2: Clinical Investigation of Intermittent Automated Measurement Type (Standard No. ISO 81060-2:2018). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/73339.html."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-022-01145-w","article-title":"Continuous cuffless monitoring of arterial blood pressure via graphene bioimpedance tattoos","volume":"17","author":"Kireev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"100434","article-title":"NC-ND license Flexible and wearable capacitive pressure sensor for blood pressure monitoring","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Biosens. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.492207","article-title":"Intrathoracic Impedance Monitoring in Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"112","author":"Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000832724.08294.fe","article-title":"CE: Guideline-Directed Cardiac Devices for Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"122","author":"Leavitt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2023, July 01). SM-ICG Technology. Available online: https:\/\/www.physioflow.com\/sm_icg_technology.php."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2023, July 01). Sensible Medical Innovations\u2019 ReDSTM Vest Greensboro, NC|Triad Health Network. Available online: https:\/\/www.triadhealthcarenetwork.com\/thn\/for-physicians-practices\/sensible-medical-innovations-reds-vest\/."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nachman, D., Rahamim, E., Kolben, Y., Mengesha, B., Elbaz-Greener, G., Amir, O., and Asleh, R. (2021). In Search of Clinical Impact: Advanced Monitoring Technologies in Daily Heart Failure Care. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10204692"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(16)31297-9","article-title":"Predicting heart failure events with home monitoring: Use of a novel, wearable necklace to measure stroke volume, cardiac output and thoracic impedance","volume":"67","author":"Khandwalla","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2023, July 01). Stick-on Device Provides Early Warning of Heart Failure Complications\u2014American College of Cardiology. Available online: https:\/\/www.acc.org\/About-ACC\/Press-Releases\/2023\/03\/06\/14\/01\/Stick-on-Device-Provides-Early-Warning-of-HF-Complications."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2024, March 30). Heart Failure Management System|ZOLL Cardiac Diagnostics. Available online: https:\/\/cardiacdiagnostics.zoll.com\/products\/heart-failure-arrhythmia-management-system."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Zoll (2020). Heart Failure Management System Early Management So You Can Live Your Life Patient Information, Zoll."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3563949","article-title":"An Accurate Non-accelerometer-based PPG Motion Artifact Removal Technique using CycleGAN","volume":"4","author":"Zargari","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25351-7","article-title":"Deep neural network-estimated electrocardiographic age as a mortality predictor","volume":"12","author":"Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0268-3","article-title":"Cardiologist-level arrhythmia detection and classification in ambulatory electrocardiograms using a deep neural network","volume":"25","author":"Hannun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30107-2","article-title":"Automatic multilabel electrocardiogram diagnosis of heart rhythm or conduction abnormalities with deep learning: A cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2023, July 01). The Zio\u00ae Service Monitoring Solutions. Available online: https:\/\/www.irhythmtech.com\/providers\/zio-service\/zio-monitors."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006513","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006513","article-title":"Continuous wearable monitoring analytics predict heart failure hospitalization: The link-hf multicenter study","volume":"13","author":"Stehlik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2022.07.004","article-title":"Human versus Artificial Intelligence-Based Echocardiographic Analysis as a Predictor of Outcomes: An Analysis from the World Alliance Societies of Echocardiography COVID Study","volume":"35","author":"Asch","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(2023, October 14). Hemotag\u2014Rapid Vitals for Monitoring Structural Heart Health. Available online: https:\/\/hemotag.com\/."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2020.09.132","article-title":"Safety And Efficacy of The HemotagTm Recording Device to Detect Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure","volume":"26","author":"Pino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"(2023, October 14). Biobeat Medical\u2014Smart Vital Signs Monitoring. Available online: https:\/\/www.bio-beat.com\/."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitriev, D.A., Saperova, E.V., and Dimitriev, A.D. (2016). State Anxiety and Nonlinear Dynamics of Heart Rate Variability in Students. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146131"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euu127","article-title":"Successful pacing using a batteryless sunlight-powered pacemaker","volume":"16","author":"Pino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0426-4","article-title":"Self-powered cardiovascular electronic devices and systems","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jan, M.T., Moshfeghi, S., Conniff, J.W., Jang, J., Yang, K., Zhai, J., Rosselli, M., Newman, D., Tappen, R., and Furht, B. (2022, January 14\u201316). Methods and Tools for Monitoring Driver\u2019s Behavior. Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCI58124.2022.00228"}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/14\/11\/525\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:24:21Z","timestamp":1760113461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/14\/11\/525"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["bios14110525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios14110525","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]}}}