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The glass modification process was optimized, identifying a 5% SnCl2 concentration, a 45 min reaction time, and a 150 \u00b0C drying temperature as conditions for efficient protein immobilization. Based on the SnCl2-modified glass substrates and label-free spectral-phase interferometry, a biosensor was developed for the detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)\u2014a highly toxic and carcinogenic contaminant in agricultural products. The biosensor realizes a competitive immunoassay of a remarkable detection limit as low as 26 pg\/mL of AFB1, and a five-order dynamic range. The biosensor performance was validated using real corn flour samples contaminated with Aspergillus flavus. The proposed approach not only provides a powerful tool for AFB1 detection for food safety monitoring but also demonstrates the potential of SnCl2-modified substrates as a versatile platform for the development of next-generation biosensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14110531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T10:57:20Z","timestamp":1730717840000},"page":"531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Stannous Chloride-Modified Glass Substrates for Biomolecule Immobilization: Development of Label-Free Interferometric Sensor Chips for Highly Sensitive Detection of Aflatoxin B1 in Corn"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7408-3927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey V.","family":"Orlov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4186-5418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria O.","family":"Zolotova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Str. 19, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3653-7523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis O.","family":"Novichikhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolai A.","family":"Belyakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, Kulakova Str. 20, 123592 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7675-3876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana G.","family":"Protasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osipyan Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1573-5512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr I.","family":"Nikitin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3657-1679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artem V.","family":"Sinolits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Str. 19, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saini, R.V., Vaid, P., Saini, N.K., Siwal, S.S., Gupta, V.K., Thakur, V.K., and Saini, A.K. 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