{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:39:22Z","timestamp":1792172362058,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019345","name":"King Salman Center for Disability Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KSRG-2023-195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KSRG-2023-195"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019345","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing number of individuals with limb loss worldwide highlights the need for advancements in prosthetic knee technology. To improve control and quality of life, integrating brain\u2013computer communication with motor imagery offers a promising solution. This study introduces a hybrid system that combines electromyography (EMG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to address these limitations and enhance the control of knee movements for individuals with above-knee amputations. The study involved an experiment with nine healthy male participants, consisting of two sessions: real execution and imagined execution using motor imagery. The OpenBCI Cyton board collected EMG signals corresponding to the desired movements, while fNIRS monitored brain activity in the prefrontal and motor cortices. The analysis of the simultaneous measurement of the muscular and hemodynamic responses demonstrated that combining these data sources significantly improved the classification accuracy compared to using each dataset alone. The results showed that integrating both the EMG and fNIRS data consistently achieved a higher classification accuracy. More specifically, the Support Vector Machine performed the best during the motor imagery tasks, with an average accuracy of 49.61%, while the Linear Discriminant Analysis excelled in the real execution tasks, achieving an average accuracy of 89.67%. This research validates the feasibility of using a hybrid approach with EMG and fNIRS to enable prosthetic knee control through motor imagery, representing a significant advancement potential in prosthetic technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14110553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T09:59:11Z","timestamp":1731491951000},"page":"553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Hybrid Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy System and Electromyography for Prosthetic Knee Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2839-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nouf Jubran","family":"AlQahtani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7499-0655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibraheem","family":"Al-Naib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3404-0508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ijlal Shahrukh","family":"Ateeq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8084-6916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murad","family":"Althobaiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Caruso, M., and Harrington, S. 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