{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T02:17:09Z","timestamp":1788056229846,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]],"date-time":"2024-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study proposes a portable and IoT-based electrochemical point-of-care sensing device for detecting zopiclone in cocktails. The system utilizes an electrochemical laccase biosensor and a potentiostat, offering a low-cost and portable device for detecting this sedative drug in cocktails. The sensor characterization experiments demonstrated the linear behavior of the oxidation and reduction currents for each of the targeted concentrations of zopiclone, enabling their detection and quantification even when mixed with an interfering substance. The proposed system could be used for the in situ analysis of cocktails, providing a valuable tool for monitoring the presence of hypnotic drugs in various social and clinical settings. The study utilized materials and reagents, including zopiclone, lab-made lemon juice, lab-made tequila, and lab-made triple sec, all prepared with reactants obtained in Bogot\u00e1, Colombia. The potentiostat used in the system was designed to manage cyclic voltammetry measurements. The electrochemical cells\u2019 durability and longevity were also tested and characterized, with all electrodes undergoing 200 tests and their performance degradation varying according to the molecule used. The study concludes that the proposed system offers a valuable tool for detecting and monitoring pharmaceutical substances in various interfering ingredients that build up cocktails. Further research and application of this system can help address the global concern surrounding the administration of hypnotic substances to unknowing consumers through food or drinks to enable robbery and sexual assault.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14110557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T07:51:15Z","timestamp":1732002675000},"page":"557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Portable Miniaturized IoT-Enabled Point-of-Care Device for Electrochemical Sensing of Zopiclone in Cocktails"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4804-4527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Gabriela","family":"Mej\u00eda-M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogot\u00e1 D.C. 111711, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula C.","family":"Cifuentes-Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogot\u00e1 D.C. 111711, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio D.","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogot\u00e1 D.C. 111711, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1368-8679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Crhistian C.","family":"Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogot\u00e1 D.C. 111711, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Ornelas-Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nanotecnolog\u00eda Ambiental, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2928-3406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johann F.","family":"Osma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogot\u00e1 D.C. 111711, Colombia"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogot\u00e1 D.C. 111711, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.25135\/jcm.33.19.12.1498","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Practical Analytical Method for Zolpidem as a Drug Facilitated Crime Tool","volume":"13","author":"Kenan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chem. Metrol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05852-5","article-title":"Comparison of N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) and the \u201cDate Rape\u201d Drug GHB: Behavioral Toxicology in the Mouse Model","volume":"238","author":"Bilel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"e202300231","article-title":"Exploiting the Synergistic Effects of Combined Carbon-Based Materials for Rape Drug Diazepam Electrochemical Sensing: Application to Simulated Casework Matrices","volume":"36","author":"Lima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2018.03.030","article-title":"Determination of Benzodiazepines in Beverages Using Green Extraction Methods and Capillary HPLC-UV Detection","volume":"154","author":"Piergiovanni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"10577","article-title":"Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assaults (DFSA): A Serious Underestimated Issue","volume":"23","author":"Malaca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102151","article-title":"Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault and Other Crimes: A Systematic Review by Countries","volume":"79","author":"Osuna","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Forensic Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.106237","article-title":"Azo Dye-Based Optical Probe for the Detection toward Mimic Molecule of Date Rape Drug","volume":"166","author":"Ryu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent Advancements in Biomedical Research in the Era of AI and ML","volume":"8","author":"Bansal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Comput. Dyn. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2019.03.006","article-title":"Internet of Things: A Survey of Enabling Technologies in Healthcare and Its Applications","volume":"153","author":"Dhanvijay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3390\/iot4020009","article-title":"IoT Health Devices: Exploring Security Risks in the Connected Landscape","volume":"4","author":"Affia","year":"2023","journal-title":"IoT"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-009-1078-0","article-title":"Pre-Clinical PET\/MR: Technological Advances and New Perspectives in Biomedical Research","volume":"36","author":"Wehrl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stelmaszczyk, P., Gacek, E., and Wietecha-Pos\u0142uszny, R. (2021). Optimized and Validated DBS\/MAE\/LC\u2013MS Method for Rapid Determination of Date-Rape Drugs and Cocaine in Human Blood Samples\u2014A New Tool in Forensic Analysis. Separations, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/separations8120249"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2024.342874","article-title":"Paper-Supported Polystyrene Membranes for Micro-Solid Phase Extraction of Date-Rape Drugs from Urine: A Sustainable Analytical Approach","volume":"1316","author":"Stelmaszczyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2024.117712","article-title":"Current Trends in Rapid Electroanalytical Screening of Date and Rape Drugs in Beverages","volume":"175","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2024","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1039\/C8AN01829D","article-title":"Rapid Detection of Hypnotics Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Based on Gold Nanoparticle Co-Aggregation in a Wet System","volume":"144","author":"Segawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-024-01424-6","article-title":"Fatal Intoxications with Zopiclone\u2014A Cause for Concern?","volume":"47","author":"Tralla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s44211-023-00282-z","article-title":"Speedy Gonzales Analysis Method in One Drop of Beverage, for Crimes Committed with Drugs from Three Different Groups","volume":"39","author":"Anilanmert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Segura G\u00f3mez, C.C. (2024, November 11). A Low-Cost Multi-Technique Portable Electrochemical Device for Remote Biosensors. Available online: https:\/\/repositorioslatinoamericanos.uchile.cl\/handle\/2250\/3575480?show=full."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-020-04737-1","article-title":"Enhancement of Adsorption of Magenta Dye by Immobilized Laccase on Functionalized Biosynthesized Activated Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"231","author":"Thiyagarajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture (2024, November 11). FoodData Central, Available online: https:\/\/fdc.nal.usda.gov\/fdc-app.html#\/food-details\/167747\/nutrients."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2007.0304","article-title":"Quantitative Assessment of Citric Acid in Lemon Juice, Lime Juice, and Commercially-Available Fruit Juice Products","volume":"22","author":"Penniston","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Endourol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Close, L. (2024, November 11). Alcohol Percentage Contents of Various Beverages. Available online: https:\/\/sunrisehouse.com\/stop-drinking-alcohol\/percentage-contents\/."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Healthline (2024, November 11). Tequila Health Benefits: Low-Sugar and Low-Carb. Available online: https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/why-tequila-should-be-your-drink-of-choice#Tips-for-a-healthier-tequila-cocktail-."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Difford, S. (2024, July 24). Triple Sec Liqueurs. Available online: https:\/\/www.diffordsguide.com\/beer-wine-spirits\/category\/176\/triple-sec-liqueurs#:~:text=Triple%20Sec%20refers%20to%20a."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Autodesk Instructables (2024, July 24). Sugar-Free Margarita. Available online: https:\/\/www.instructables.com\/Sugar-Free-Margarita\/."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"297","article-title":"Miniaturization of Cyclic Voltammetry Electronic Systems for Remote Biosensing","volume":"3","author":"Osma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcatb.2014.06.006","article-title":"Purification and Characterization of Two Thermostable Laccases from Pycnoporus Sanguineus and Potential Role in Degradation of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals","volume":"108","author":"Junghanns","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Sigma Aldrich (2024, November 11). IR Spectrum Table. Available online: https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/US\/en\/technical-documents\/technical-article\/analytical-chemistry\/photometry-and-reflectometry\/ir-spectrum-table."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Mondrag\u00f3n Cortez, P. (2020). An\u00e1lisis de Los Espectros de Infrarrojo. En Principios Y Aplicaciones de La Espectroscopia de Infrarrojo En El An\u00e1lisis de Alimentos Y Bebidas, CIATEJ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isanapong, J., Lohawet, K., and Kumnorkaew, P. (2021). Optimization and Characterization of Immobilized Laccase on Titanium Dioxide Nanostructure and Its Application in Removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue R. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 37.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2021.102186"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suni, I.I. (2021). Substrate Materials for Biomolecular Immobilization within Electrochemical Biosensors. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11070239"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulkarni, M.B., Ayachit, N.H., and Aminabhavi, T.M. (2022). Biosensors and Microfluidic Biosensors: From Fabrication to Application. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12070543"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2024, July 07). Biorender BioRender. Available online: https:\/\/www.biorender.com\/."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Stone, D.C., and Ellis, J. (2024, November 11). Statistics in Analytical Chemistry\u2014Regression (7). Available online: https:\/\/sites.chem.utoronto.ca\/chemistry\/coursenotes\/analsci\/stats\/LimDetect.html."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papadopoulos, F., Diamanteas, K., Economou, A., and Kokkinos, C. (2020). Rapid Drop-Volume Electrochemical Detection of the \u201cDate Rape\u201d Drug Flunitrazepam in Spirits Using a Screen-Printed Sensor in a Dry-Reagent Format. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185192"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"763","article-title":"Textile-Based Wearable Device for Detection of Date Rape Drugs in Drinks","volume":"94","author":"Endro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.124214","article-title":"Laser-Scribing Fabrication of a Disposable Electrochemical Device for Forensic Detection of Crime Facilitating Drugs in Beverage Samples","volume":"255","author":"Paschoarelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.122408","article-title":"Sandpaper-Based Electrochemical Devices Assembled on a Reusable 3D-Printed Holder to Detect Date Rape Drug in Beverages","volume":"232","author":"Rocha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.120319","article-title":"Investigation of Midazolam Electro-Oxidation on Boron Doped Diamond Electrode by Voltammetric Techniques and Density Functional Theory Calculations: Application in Beverage Samples","volume":"207","author":"Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2023.125238","article-title":"Eco-Friendly Electrochemical Sensor for Determination of Conscious Sedating Drug \u201cMidazolam\u2019\u2019 Based on Au-NPs@Silica Modified Carbon Paste Electrode","volume":"267","author":"Soliman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11244-022-01561-1","article-title":"Determination of Lorazepam Using the Electrocatalytic Effect of NiO\/SWCNTs Modified Carbon Paste Electrode as a Powerful Sensor","volume":"65","author":"Chenarani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Top. Catal."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.08.043","article-title":"Point of Care with Micro Fluidic Paper Based Device Integrated with Nano Zeolite\u2013Graphene Oxide Nanoflakes for Electrochemical Sensing of Ketamine","volume":"88","author":"Narang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.10.142","article-title":"Electrocatalytic Performance Enhanced of the Electrooxidation of Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) and Ethanol on Platinum Nanoparticles Surface. A Contribution to the Analytical Determination of GHB in the Presence of Ethanol","volume":"256","author":"Sevilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u00e4we, A., Dreyer, A., Vornholt, T., Barteczko, U., Buchholz, L., Drews, G., Ho, U.L., Jackowski, M.E., Kracht, M., and L\u00fcders, J. (2019). A Paper-Based, Cell-Free Biosensor System for the Detection of Heavy Metals and Date Rape Drugs. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210940"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3370","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NJ05035A","article-title":"A Smart Portable Electrochemical Sensor Based on Electrodeposited Ferrocene-Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for in Vitro and in Vivo Detection of Nicotine in Tobacco Samples","volume":"48","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"553","article-title":"A Simple Electrochemical Approach for the Rapid Determination of Cannabinoid Designer Drug ADB-BUTINACA","volume":"256","author":"Novak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"e202200357","article-title":"Fast and Simple Preparation of a Sensor Based on Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) for the Determination of Zopiclone in Pharmaceutical Dosage by Square Wave Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry (SWAdSV)","volume":"35","author":"Pizarro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-019-1248-0","article-title":"Laccases: Structure, Function, and Potential Application in Water Bioremediation","volume":"18","author":"Arregui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvizu, I.C., Garc\u00eda-Reyes, R.B., Pech-Canul, M.A., and Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez, A. (2023). Evaluating the Role of Laccase Immobilized TiO2 for Potential Use as Biocathode in a Microbial Electrolysis Cell. Biochem. Eng. J., 194.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2023.108883"}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/14\/11\/557\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:33:40Z","timestamp":1760114020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/14\/11\/557"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["bios14110557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios14110557","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]]}}}