{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:56:35Z","timestamp":1792788995286,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Georgia\u2019s Center for Food Safety internal seed"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis A virus (HAV), a major cause of acute liver infections, is transmitted through the fecal\u2013oral route and close contact with infected individuals. Current HAV standardized methods rely on the detection of virus antigen or RNA, which do not differentiate between infectious and non-infectious HAV. The objective of this study was to develop a prototype cell-based electrochemical biosensor for detection of infectious HAV. A cell culture-adapted HAV strain (HM175\/18f) and its permissive cells (FRhK-4), along with gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed electrodes, were used to develop the biosensor. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to quantify the electrical impedance signal. Nyquist plots showed successful fabrication of the cell-based biosensor. The optimum period of HAV incubation with the biosensor was 6 h. A significant linear relationship (R2 = 0.98) was found between the signal and a 6-log range of HAV titers, with a limit of detection of ~5 TCID50\/mL (tissue culture infectious dose). The biosensor did not detect non-target viruses such as feline calicivirus and human coronavirus 229E. The biosensor was stable for 3 to 7 days at an abusive temperature (37 \u00b0C), retaining ~90 to 60% of the original signal, respectively. In conclusion, this prototype cell-based biosensor is capable of rapidly detecting low levels of infectious HAV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14120576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T10:05:56Z","timestamp":1732701956000},"page":"576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Cell-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for the Detection of Infectious Hepatitis A Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5448-8330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilmeet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Electrochemistry Laboratory, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1024-0468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malak A.","family":"Esseili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin Campus, Griffin, GA 30223, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramaraja P.","family":"Ramasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Electrochemistry Laboratory, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.10.023","article-title":"Hepatitis A virus: Host interactions, molecular epidemiology and evolution","volume":"21","author":"Vaughan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. 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