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devices mimic human organs, which can be used for many different applications, including drug development, environmental toxicology, disease models, and physiological assessment. Image data acquisition and analysis from these chips are crucial for advancing research in the field. In this study, we propose a label-free morphology imaging platform compatible with the small airway-on-a-chip system. By integrating deep learning and image recognition techniques, we aim to analyze the differentiability of human small airway epithelial cells (HSAECs). Utilizing cell imaging on day 3 of culture, our approach accurately predicts the differentiability of HSAECs after 4 weeks of incubation. This breakthrough significantly enhances the efficiency and stability of establishing small airway-on-a-chip models. To further enhance our analysis capabilities, we have developed a customized MATLAB program capable of automatically processing ciliated cell beating images and calculating the beating frequency. This program enables continuous monitoring of ciliary beating activity. Additionally, we have introduced an automated fluorescent particle tracking system to evaluate the integrity of mucociliary clearance and validate the accuracy of our deep learning predictions. The integration of deep learning, label-free imaging, and advanced image analysis techniques represents a significant advancement in the fields of drug testing and physiological assessment. This innovative approach offers unprecedented insights into the functioning of the small airway epithelium, empowering researchers with a powerful tool to study respiratory physiology and develop targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14120581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T08:24:14Z","timestamp":1732868654000},"page":"581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Revolutionizing Epithelial Differentiability Analysis in Small Airway-on-a-Chip Models Using Label-Free Imaging and Computational Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6618-3792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiue-Luen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren-Hao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9824-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chong-You","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3590-6350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia-Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anivance AI Corporation, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3021-7684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuan-Yu","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Yi","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Kai","family":"Kung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Degree Program of College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnson H. 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