{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:06:53Z","timestamp":1788890813134,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62171014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171014"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["KG12090401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KG12090401"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZG216S19C8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZG216S19C8"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002358","name":"Beihang University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62171014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002358","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002358","name":"Beihang University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KG12090401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KG12090401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002358","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002358","name":"Beihang University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZG216S19C8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZG216S19C8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002358","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An effective and highly accurate strabismus screening method is expected to identify potential patients and provide timely treatment to prevent further deterioration, such as amblyopia and even permanent vision loss. To satisfy this need, this work showcases a novel strabismus screening method based on a wearable eye-tracking device combined with an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm. To identify the minor and occasional inconsistencies in strabismus patients during the binocular coordination process, which are usually seen in early-stage patients and rarely recognized in current studies, the system captures temporally and spatially continuous high-definition infrared images of the eye during wide-angle continuous motion, and is effective in inducing intermittent strabismus. Based on the collected eye motion information, 16 features of the oculomotor process with strong physiological interpretations, which help biomedical staff understand and evaluate results generated later, are calculated through the introduction of pupil-canthus vectors. These features can be normalized, and reflect individual differences. After these features are processed by the random forest (RF) algorithm, this method experimentally yields 97.1% accuracy in strabismus detection in 70 people under diverse indoor testing conditions, validating the high accuracy and robustness of the method, and implying that the method has strong potential to support widespread and highly accurate strabismus screening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15020110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T11:14:41Z","timestamp":1739531681000},"page":"110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["High-Accuracy Intermittent Strabismus Screening via Wearable Eye-Tracking and AI-Enhanced Ocular Feature Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1002-9591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zihe","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7769-6926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongbei","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shangru","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1212-138X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7791-5821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3096-4700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuo","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.05.006","article-title":"Strabismus","volume":"42","author":"Gunton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prim. 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