{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:59:39Z","timestamp":1792155579132,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012774","name":"Innovation Fund Denmark","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1044-00193B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1044-00193B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent decades, the utilization of biomarkers has gained increasing attention. The timely identification and quantification of proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules associated with a medical condition, infection, or contaminant have become increasingly crucial across a variety of fields, including medicine, food safety, and quality\/environmental control. State-of-the-art biomarker detection methods predominantly rely on standard immunoassay techniques, requiring specialized laboratory equipment and trained personnel. This impedes the broad commercial implementation of biosensors in, e.g., Point-of-Care (PoC) settings where ease of operation, portability, and cost-efficiency are prioritized. Small, robust electrochemical biosensors are a promising alternative for analyzing biomarkers in complex samples within PoC environments. Therefore, creating and designing optimized sensing surfaces, immobilization strategies, and efficient signal generation are crucial for improving biosensor systems, which in turn can have real-world impact. In the present paper, we reviewed common electrode types and geometries used in electrochemical biosensors and the immobilization approaches, discussed the advantages and drawbacks of different electrochemical detection methods, and presented different labeling strategies for signal generation and enhancement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15030166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T13:31:31Z","timestamp":1741095091000},"page":"166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Aspects of Electrochemical Biosensors Using Affinity Assays"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6517-731X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thor","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstr\u00e6de 16, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Biostrip APS, Lindevangsvej 10, 8240 Risskov, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5777-2541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonid","family":"Gurevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstr\u00e6de 16, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9614-0133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nils E.","family":"Magnusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostrip APS, Lindevangsvej 10, 8240 Risskov, Denmark"},{"name":"Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Electrochemical Biosensors: Recommended Definitions and Classification","volume":"16","author":"Toth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biosens. 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