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Here, we describe a nanocomposite coating composed of a cross-linked lattice of bovine serum albumin and pentaamine-functionalized reduced graphene that is covalently coupled to antibody ligands for analyte detection as well as antibiotic drugs (gentamicin or ceftriaxone), which actively combats biofouling while retaining high electroconductivity and excellent electrochemical immunosensor behavior. Sensors overlaid with this coating inhibit the proliferation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and adhesion of primary human fibroblasts while not having any significant effects on fibroblast viability or on the immune function of primary human monocytes. Under these conditions, the sensor maintains its electrochemical stability for at least 3 weeks after exposure to soluble proteins that interfere with the activity of uncoated sensors. Proof-of-concept for the coating\u2019s applicability is demonstrated by integrating the antimicrobial coating within an immunosensor and demonstrating the detection of cytokines in both culture medium and complex human plasma. This new coating technology holds the potential to substantially increase the lifespan of implanted biosensors and widen their application areas, potentially enabling continuous monitoring of analytes in complex biofluids for weeks in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15030171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T09:59:17Z","timestamp":1741255157000},"page":"171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["An Antimicrobial and Antifibrotic Coating for Implantable Biosensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2382-4240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Wareham-Mathiassen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Novo Nordisk A\/S, 2880 Bagsv\u00e6rd, Denmark"},{"name":"Costerton Biofilm Center, Copenhagen University, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawan","family":"Jolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8572-7801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nandhinee","family":"Radha Shanmugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Badrinath","family":"Jagannath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pranav","family":"Prabhala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunhao","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3825-5899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alican","family":"Ozkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Naziripour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1954-5655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohini","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Bengtsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk A\/S, 2880 Bagsv\u00e6rd, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8003-7414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Bjarnsholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Costerton Biofilm Center, Copenhagen University, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4319-6520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald E.","family":"Ingber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02134, USA"},{"name":"Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston\u2019s Children\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.1c00390","article-title":"Antifouling Strategies for Electrochemical Biosensing: Mechanisms and Performance toward Point of Care Based Diagnostic Applications","volume":"6","author":"Russo","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681300700223","article-title":"A Promising Solution to Enhance the Sensocompatibility of Biosensors in Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems","volume":"7","author":"Qiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2011.09.012","article-title":"Novel Approaches to the Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Medical Device-Associated Infections","volume":"26","author":"Vergidis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. 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