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However, the limitations of traditional rigid materials restrict the flexibility and widespread adoption of such sensors. Hydrogels, as flexible materials, provide an effective solution to this challenge due to their excellent stretchability, biocompatibility, and adaptability. This study developed a multifunctional flexible sensor based on a composite hydrogel of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium alginate (SA), using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)\/polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as the conductive material to achieve multifunctional detection of strain, temperature, and physiological signals. The sensor features a simple fabrication process, low cost, and low impedance. Experimental results show that the prepared hydrogel exhibits outstanding mechanical properties and conductivity, with a strength of 118.8 kPa, an elongation of 334%, and a conductivity of 256 mS\/m. In strain sensing, the sensor demonstrates a rapid response to minor strains (4%), high sensitivity (gauge factors of 0.39 for 0\u2013120% and 0.73 for 120\u2013200% strain ranges), short response time (2.2 s), low hysteresis, and excellent cyclic stability (over 500 cycles). For temperature sensing, the sensor achieves high sensitivities of \u221227.43 \u03a9\/K (resistance mode) and 0.729 mV\/K (voltage mode), along with stable performance across varying temperature ranges. Furthermore, the sensor has been successfully applied to monitor human motion (e.g., finger bending, wrist movement) and physiological signals such as electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), and electroencephalogram (EEG), highlighting its significant potential in wearable health monitoring. By employing a simple and efficient fabrication method, this study presents a high-performance multifunctional flexible sensor, offering novel insights and technical support for the advancement of wearable devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15030177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T08:59:52Z","timestamp":1741683592000},"page":"177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A Low-Cost Hydrogel Electrode for Multifunctional Sensing: Strain, Temperature, and Electrophysiology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Junjie","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Textile and Fabric Electronics, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0115-2896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinli","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Textile and Fabric Electronics, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Textile and Fabric Electronics, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Textile and Fabric Electronics, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1419-1176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengzhao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Textile and Fabric Electronics, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunfei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Textile and Fabric Electronics, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoran","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Textile and Fabric Electronics, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Textile and Fabric Electronics, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"},{"name":"Henan Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Textile and Garment Industry, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401532","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202401532","article-title":"Flexible Pressure, Humidity, and Temperature Sensors for Human Health Monitoring","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. 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