{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:36:35Z","timestamp":1789155395783,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52375279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52375279"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3252002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3252002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52375279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52375279"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3252002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3252002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To enhance wrist impairment rehabilitation efficiency, self-rehabilitation training using healthy-side forearm sEMG was introduced, improving patient engagement and proprioception. A sEMG-based movement recognition and muscle force estimation algorithm was proposed to transmit the estimated results to a wrist rehabilitation robot. Dominant eigenvalues of raw forearm EMG signals were selected to construct a movement recognition model that included a BPNN, a voting decision, and an intensified algorithm. An experimental platform for muscle force estimation was established to measure sEMG under various loads. The linear fitting was performed between mean absolute values (MAVs) and external loads to derive static muscle force estimation models. A dynamic muscle force estimation model was established through linear fitting average MAVs. Volunteers wore EMG sensors and performed six typical movements to complete the verification experiment. The average accuracy of only BPNN was 90.7%, and after the addition of the voting decision and intensified algorithm, it was improved to 98.7%. In the resistance training, the measured and estimated muscle forces exhibited similar trends, with RMSE of 4.2 N for flexion\/extension and 5.8 N for ulnar\/radial deviation. Under two different speeds and loads, the theoretical and estimated values of dynamic muscle forces showed similar trends with almost no phase difference, and the estimation accuracy was better during flexion movements compared to radial deviations. The proposed algorithms had strong versatility and practicality, aiming to realize the self-rehabilitation trainings of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15040259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T20:05:56Z","timestamp":1744920356000},"page":"259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Movement Recognition and Muscle Force Estimation of Wrist Based on Electromyographic Signals of Forearm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Leiyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenxing","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongzhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Smart Ageing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yawei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eschweiler, J., Li, J., Quack, V., Rath, B., Baroncini, A., Hildebrand, F., and Migliorini, F. 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