{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:05:07Z","timestamp":1792803907778,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82071970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071970"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023AFA109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AFA109"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hubei Province","award":["82071970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071970"]}]},{"name":"Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hubei Province","award":["2023AFA109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AFA109"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder marked by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, imposes substantial economic burdens, including both direct and indirect costs. The medical community currently lacks a definitive cure for Parkinson\u2019s disease, and early detection is crucial for timely intervention and disease management. As innovative diagnostic tools, biosensors have shown great potential in detecting PD at its early stages. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in biosensors for the early detection of PD, with a particular focus on the detection of two key biomarkers: dopamine (DA) and \u03b1-synuclein (\u03b1-syn). Furthermore, it illustrates a variety of nanotechnology-based biosensors, including optical, electrochemical, and transistor biosensors, detailing their underlying principles, advantages, limitations, and applications in PD detection. Moreover, the review explores the challenges and prospects of advancing biosensors for early PD diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15050280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T05:05:57Z","timestamp":1745989557000},"page":"280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Biosensors for Early Detection of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Principles, Applications, and Future Prospects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Panpan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China"},{"name":"Institute of Intelligent Sport and Proactive Health, Department of Health and Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Intelligent Sport and Proactive Health, Department of Health and Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9041-4471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China"},{"name":"Institute of Intelligent Sport and Proactive Health, Department of Health and Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-020-00204-3","article-title":"Potential use of corneal confocal microscopy in the diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease associated neuropathy","volume":"9","author":"Che","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. 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