{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:15:45Z","timestamp":1760058945294,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]],"date-time":"2025-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Public Health Service","award":["1 RC2 DK122379","P30 AG024824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 RC2 DK122379","P30 AG024824"]}]},{"name":"Procter and Gamble","award":["1 RC2 DK122379","P30 AG024824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 RC2 DK122379","P30 AG024824"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urinary incontinence affects many women, yet there are no monitoring devices capable of accurately capturing flow dynamics during everyday activities. Building on our initial development of a wearable personal uroflowmeter, this study enhances the device\u2019s performance under realistic, dynamic conditions similar to those encountered in daily living. We integrated an optimized eight-vane Etoile flow conditioner with a 0.2D opening into the device. Both computational fluid dynamics simulations and experimental tests demonstrated that this flow conditioner significantly reduced turbulence intensity by 82% and stabilized the axial velocity profile by 67%, increasing the R2 of flow rate measurements from 0.44 to 0.92. Furthermore, our machine learning framework\u2014utilizing a support vector machine (SVM) and an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model with principal component analysis (PCA)\u2014accurately predicted the true flow rate with high correlations, robust performance, and minimal overfitting. For the test dataset, the SVM achieved a correlation of 0.86, an R2 of 0.74, and an MAE of 2.8, whereas the XGBoost-PCA model exhibited slightly stronger performance, with a correlation of 0.88, an R2 of 0.76, and an MAE of 2.6. These advances established a solid foundation for developing a reliable, wearable uroflowmeter capable of effectively monitoring urinary incontinence in real-world settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15050306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T09:13:38Z","timestamp":1747041218000},"page":"306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Improving the Accuracy of a Wearable Uroflowmeter for Incontinence Monitoring Under Dynamic Conditions: Leveraging Machine Learning Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5783-2674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faezeh","family":"Shanehsazzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1012-7713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John O. L.","family":"DeLancey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1528-2787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James A.","family":"Ashton-Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g4531","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g4531","article-title":"Urinary Incontinence in Women","volume":"349","author":"Wood","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.12137","article-title":"Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Review","volume":"318","author":"Lukacz","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19439","DOI":"10.2196\/19439","article-title":"A Mobile App for Self-Management of Urgency and Mixed Urinary Incontinence in Women: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"23","author":"Wadensten","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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