{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T12:53:19Z","timestamp":1776689599487,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology","award":["INT\/UZBEK\/P-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INT\/UZBEK\/P-09"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology","award":["FL-8323102078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FL-8323102078"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology","award":["2025-26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-26"]}]},{"name":"UGC, Government of India","award":["INT\/UZBEK\/P-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INT\/UZBEK\/P-09"]}]},{"name":"UGC, Government of India","award":["FL-8323102078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FL-8323102078"]}]},{"name":"UGC, Government of India","award":["2025-26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-26"]}]},{"name":"Uzbekistan","award":["INT\/UZBEK\/P-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INT\/UZBEK\/P-09"]}]},{"name":"Uzbekistan","award":["FL-8323102078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FL-8323102078"]}]},{"name":"Uzbekistan","award":["2025-26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-26"]}]},{"name":"PRG","award":["INT\/UZBEK\/P-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INT\/UZBEK\/P-09"]}]},{"name":"PRG","award":["FL-8323102078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FL-8323102078"]}]},{"name":"PRG","award":["2025-26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-26"]}]},{"name":"University of Kalyani","award":["INT\/UZBEK\/P-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INT\/UZBEK\/P-09"]}]},{"name":"University of Kalyani","award":["FL-8323102078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FL-8323102078"]}]},{"name":"University of Kalyani","award":["2025-26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-26"]}]},{"name":"DST-PURSE","award":["INT\/UZBEK\/P-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INT\/UZBEK\/P-09"]}]},{"name":"DST-PURSE","award":["FL-8323102078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FL-8323102078"]}]},{"name":"DST-PURSE","award":["2025-26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-26"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chemosensation in ticks opens a novel and unique field for scientific research. This study highlights ticks\u2019 chemosensory system to comprehend its host-searching behavior and other integrated chemistry and biology involving Haller\u2019s structure. Methodology: This study combines microanatomical, electrophysiological, and behavioral experiments to investigate the role of Haller\u2019s organ in adult ticks in response to different classes of organic compounds. Results: We showed the microscopic anatomy of Haller\u2019s organ in Haemaphysalis darjeeling, present at the terminal segment of the first pair of appendages. Haller\u2019s structure serves a vital function in perceiving odor. The electrophysiological activity of adult ticks to different classes of organic compounds via electroscutumography was explored at five different concentrations: w\/v 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 2.0%. Among 55 organic compounds, moderate to high stimulation was recorded with pyruvate (13.28 mv at 2%), ammonia (12.26 mv at 2%), benzoic acid (1.99 mv at 0.001%), isobutyric acid (1.39 mv at 0.001%), 2,6-dichlorophenol (1.34 mv at 0.001%), p-Tolualdehyde (1.26 mv at 2%), tetradecane (1.23 mv at 2%), docosane (1.17 mv at 2%), citronellal (1.13 mv at 0.1%), isopropyl acetate (1.05 mv at 0.01%), cyclohexanol (1.03 mv at 2%), 1-octane-3-ol (1.02 mv at 2%), and 1-octanol (1.01 mv at 0.001%). Olfactometric bioassays at w\/v 2.0% concentration further confirmed that ammonia, pyruvate, 1-octane-3-ol, hematin porcine, p-Tolualdehyde, methyl salicylate, uric acid, tetradecane, carbon dioxide, propanoic acid, 3-hexanol, hexanoic acid, adenine, 2,6-dichlorophenol, hexadecane, heptanoic acid, pentanoic acid, octadecane, guanine, and nonanoic acid acted as strong attractants, while citronellal, eugenol, butyric acid, geraniol, benzaldehyde, and tiglic aldehyde showed an active repellent effect against the tick species. Conclusions: This investigation provides knowledge of the olfactory sensilla of Haller\u2019s structure as biosensors behind tick olfaction and the possibility for chemical detection of diverse attractants and repellents for future development of anti-tick compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15060358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T08:51:04Z","timestamp":1749027064000},"page":"358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sensing of Volatile Organic Compounds by Haller\u2019s Structure in Ixodidae Tick: Electroscutumography and Olfactometric Bioassay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6010-9387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alivia","family":"Mandal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Nadia 741235, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bishwajeet","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biswanath","family":"Bhowmik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Nadia 741235, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raja Reddy","family":"Gundreddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adolat U.","family":"Mirzaieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100053, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9388-0697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kakali","family":"Bhadra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Nadia 741235, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.03.008","article-title":"In vitro bioassays used in evaluating plant extracts for tick repellent and acaricidal properties: A critical review","volume":"254","author":"Adenubi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e08718","article-title":"Development of acaricide resistance in tick populations of cattle: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Dzemo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obaid, M.K., Islam, N., Alouffi, A., Khan, A.Z., Vaz, I.d.S., Tanaka, T., and Ali, A. (2022). Acaricides Resistance in Ticks: Selection, Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Mitigation. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.941831"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.07.009","article-title":"In vitro assessment of the acaricidal activity of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and their acetylated derivatives on Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"260","author":"Novato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.05.031","article-title":"Evaluation of tea tree oil for controlling Rhipicephalus microplus in dairy cows","volume":"225","author":"Boito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2015.05.015","article-title":"In vitro acaricidal properties of Semecarpus anacardium fruit and Datura stramonium leaf extracts against acaricide susceptible (IVRI-I line) and resistant (IVRI-V line) Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus","volume":"101","author":"Ghosh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-015-9890-7","article-title":"Identification of potential plant extracts for anti-tick activity against acaricide resistant cattle ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"66","author":"Ghosh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1080\/01647954.2022.2108494","article-title":"Acaricidal efficacy of bitter almond against two tick species, Argas persicus and Haemaphysalis darjeeling\u2014An in vitro study","volume":"48","author":"Mirzaeva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Sonenshine, D.E., and Roe, R.M. (2014). Biology of Ticks, Oxford University Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2016.09.004","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of castor bean tick Ixodes ricinus: A focus on chemosensory organs","volume":"78","author":"Iovinella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Insect. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carr, A.L., Mitchell, R.D., Dhammi, A., Bissinger, B.W., Sonenshine, D.E., and Roe, R.M. (2017). Tick Haller\u2019s Organ, a New Paradigm for Arthropod Olfaction: How Ticks Differ from Insects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071563"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faraone, N., Light, M., Scott, C., MacPherson, S., and Hillier, N.K. (2020). Chemosensory and Behavioural Responses of Ixodes scapularis to Natural Products: Role of Chemosensory Organs in Volatile Detection. Insects, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11080502"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309233291308","article-title":"Tick-borne diseases in the United States","volume":"329","author":"Spach","year":"1993","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2015.07.001","article-title":"Climate change, biodiversity, ticks and tick-borne diseases: The butterfly effect","volume":"4","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1161-0220","article-title":"Acaricidal activity of Artemisia nilagirica Leaves Against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus ticks","volume":"86","author":"Udayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X.Y., and Bonnet, S.I. (2014). Hard tick factors implicated in pathogen transmission. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002566"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10256","article-title":"Molting success of Ixodes scapularis varies among individual blood meal hosts and species","volume":"48","author":"Brunner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"149","article-title":"Occurrence of tick and tick-born haemoparasitic diseases in different cattle breeds of West Bengal, India","volume":"8","author":"Debbarma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multilog. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.05.013","article-title":"A foreleg transcriptome for Ixodes scapularis ticks: Candidates for chemoreceptors and binding proteins that might be expressed in the sensory Haller\u2019s organ","volume":"9","author":"Josek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612016039","article-title":"Neuronal projections from the Haller\u2019s organ and palp sensilla to the synganglion of Amblyomma americanum\u00a7","volume":"25","author":"Borges","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Veterin\u00e1ria"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-008-0731-4","article-title":"Identification of a complex peptidergic neuroendocrine network in the hard tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus","volume":"335","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2012.01024.x","article-title":"Responses of Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis to odorants that attract haematophagous insects","volume":"27","author":"Carr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2015.12.009","article-title":"Acarine attractants: Chemoreception, bioassay, chemistry and control","volume":"131","author":"Carr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200400486X","article-title":"Pheromones and other semiochemicals of ticks and their use in tick control","volume":"129","author":"Sonenshine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12214","article-title":"Behavioural responses of Ixodes ricinus nymphs to carbon dioxide and rodent odour","volume":"31","author":"Gort","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12405","article-title":"Olfactory responses of Amblyomma maculatum to rumen fluid and other odourants that attract blood-seeking arthropods","volume":"34","author":"Garner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109036","article-title":"Attract or repel Amblyomma sculptum ticks: Screening of semiochemicals","volume":"278","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-019-00421-0","article-title":"Behavioral responses of Ixodes scapularis tick to natural products: Development of novel repellents","volume":"79","author":"Faraone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/18.3.187","article-title":"Neurons sensitive to 2,6-dichlorophenol on the tarsi of the tick Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"18","author":"Haggart","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2012.04.004","article-title":"The correlation between tick (Ixodes persulcatus Sch.) questing behaviour and synganglion neuronal responses to odors","volume":"58","author":"Romashchenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5095-1","article-title":"Tick repellents and acaricides of botanical origin: A green roadmap to control tick-borne diseases?","volume":"115","author":"Benelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.11.007","article-title":"Efficacy testing of several Ixodes ricinus tick repellents: Different results with different assays","volume":"4","author":"Dautel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-023-00804-4","article-title":"Natural Clerodendrum-derived tick repellent: Learning from Nepali culture","volume":"90","author":"Mazuecos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quadros, D.G., Johnson, T.L., Whitney, T.R., Oliver, J.D., and Ch\u00e1vez, A.S.O. (2020). Plant-Derived Natural Compounds for Tick Pest Control in Livestock and Wildlife: Pragmatism or Utopia?. Insects, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11080490"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"151","article-title":"Acaricidal, ovicidal, and repellent effects of Tagetes patula leaf extract against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)","volume":"59","author":"Ismail","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Plant Prot. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7834026","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7834026","article-title":"In Vitro Acaricidal Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used against Ticks in Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"2020","author":"Kemal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-015-0736-3","article-title":"Comparative in vitro anti-tick efficacy of commercially available products and newly developed phyto-formulations against field collected and resistant tick lines of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus","volume":"40","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deka, B., Babu, A., Baruah, C., and Sarkar, S. (2022). Plant Extracts as Potential Acaricides for the Management of Red Spider Mite, Oligonychus coffeae Nietner (Acarina: Tetranychidae), in the Tea Ecosystem: An Eco-Friendly Strategy. Front. Agron., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fagro.2022.685568"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2016.03.010","article-title":"Plant extracts to control ticks of veterinary and medical importance: A review","volume":"105","author":"Adenubi","year":"2016","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebremedhin, M.B., Xu, Z., Kuang, C., Shumuye, N.A., Cao, J., Zhou, Y., Zhang, H., and Zhou, J. (2023). Current Knowledge on Chemosensory-Related Candidate Molecules Potentially Involved in Tick Olfaction via Haller\u2019s Organ. Insects, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14030294"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.12.006","article-title":"Molecular evidence for the inhibition of cytochrome p450s and cholinesterases in ticks by the repellent DEET","volume":"10","author":"Koloski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.06.001","article-title":"Infrared Light Detection by the Haller\u2019s Organ of Adult American Dog Ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Ixodida: Ixodidae)","volume":"8","author":"Mitchell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carr, A.L., and Salgado, V.L. (2019). Ticks home in on body heat: A new understanding of Haller\u2019s organ and repellent action. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/564179"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00355031","article-title":"Ultrastructure of Haller\u2019s Organ in the Tick Amblyomma americanum (L.)","volume":"124","author":"Foelix","year":"1972","journal-title":"Z. Zellforsch.  Mikrosk. Anat."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01647954.2016.1229813","article-title":"Microscopic anatomy of the Haller\u2019s organ of snake ticks","volume":"43","author":"Ghosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1134\/S0013873821050110","article-title":"Structure of Haller\u2019s organ and taxonomy of hard ticks of the subfamily Amblyomminae (Family Ixodidae)","volume":"101","author":"Leonovich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Entomol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.2307\/3283387","article-title":"Haller\u2019s organ in the tick family argasidae (acari: Parasitiformes: Ixodid)","volume":"79","author":"Klompen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-6055.1977.tb00064.x","article-title":"The sensory nervous system of the adult cattle tick Boophilus microplus (canestrini) ixodidae part II. scanning electron microscopy","volume":"16","author":"Waladde","year":"1977","journal-title":"Aust. J. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.08.007","article-title":"Electrophysiological responses of the olfactory receptors of the tick Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae) to host-related and tick pheromone-related synthetic compounds","volume":"124","author":"Soares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00192003","article-title":"Identification of vertebrate volatiles stimulating olfactory receptors on tarsus I of the tick Amblyomma variegatum Fabricius (Ixodidae)","volume":"174","author":"Steullet","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3032.2004.0362.x","article-title":"A six-arm olfactometer permitting simultaneous observation of insect attraction and odour trapping","volume":"29","author":"Turlings","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00049-005-0320-x","article-title":"Adaptation of a four-arm olfactometer for behavioural bioassays of large beetles","volume":"16","author":"Morin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemoecology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhowmik, B., Chakraborti, U., Mandal, A., Paul, B., and Bhadra, K. (2022). Attraction of Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to Host Plant Cucurbita maxima Duchesne (Cucurbitaceae) Volatiles. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12112640"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.12.025","article-title":"Repellence of essential oils and selected compounds against ticks\u2014A systematic review","volume":"179","author":"Benelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korsching, S., and Meyerhof, W. (2008). Insect olfaction: Receptors, signal transduction, and behavior. Chemosensory Systems in Mammals, Fishes, and Insects, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69919-4"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2016.07.014","article-title":"Olfactory stimulation of Apis cerana indica towards different doses of volatile constituents: SEM and EAG approaches","volume":"19","author":"Bhowmik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2307\/3493790","article-title":"Posterior capsule of Haller\u2019s organ in the Lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"54","author":"Bruce","year":"1971","journal-title":"Fla. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Chapman, R.F. (2013). The Insects: Structure and Function, Cambridge University Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"275","article-title":"Haller\u2019s organ and anterior pit setae in the genera Antricola and Parantricola (Ixodoidea: Argasidae)","volume":"36","author":"Cruz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2785-6","article-title":"Synganglion histology in different stages of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"110","author":"Roma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Nuttall, P., and Bowman, S. (2017). Sensory systems of ticks and their role in tick-host interactions. Ticks: Biology, Disease and Control, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.53.103106.093402","article-title":"Roles and effects of environmental carbon dioxide in insect life","volume":"53","author":"Guerenstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Fabbro, S.D., and Nazzi, F. (2013). From Chemistry to Behavior. Molecular structure and bioactivity of repellents against Ixodes ricinus ticks. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/6636cea1-b3f2-4f93-acf7-b34c5aabce07"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Sonenshine, D.E., Lane, R.S., Nicholson, W.L., Robert, S., and Lane, R.S. (2009). Ticks (Ixodida). Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/21.3.278","article-title":"Repellent tests against Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) fletcheri (Acari: Trombiculidae)","volume":"21","author":"Buescher","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s13744-013-0137-1","article-title":"Alkanes in flower surface waxes of Momordica cochinchinensis influence attraction to Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)","volume":"42","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neotrop. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00049-014-0179-9","article-title":"Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae) leaf volatiles: Semiochemicals for host location by the insect pest, Aulacophora foveicollis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)","volume":"25","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemoecology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2015.0215","article-title":"The Mosquito Repellent Citronellal Directly Potentiates Drosophila TRPA1, Facilitating Feeding Suppression","volume":"38","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2024.110285","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of acaricidal activity of eugenol and benzaldehyde against Rhipicephalus annulatus","volume":"331","author":"Kathiravan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3654-x","article-title":"Acaricidal activity of plant-derived essential oil components against Psoroptes ovis in vitro and in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2009.00002.x","article-title":"Efficacy of the botanical repellents geraniol, linalool and citronella against mosquitoes","volume":"34","author":"Muller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohbot, J.D., and Dickens, J.C. (2012). Selectivity of odorant receptors in insects. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2012.00029"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6018","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06018.2001","article-title":"Molecular bases of odor discrimination: Reconstitution of olfactory receptors that recognize overlapping sets of odorants","volume":"21","author":"Kajiya","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-003-3273-7","article-title":"Olfactory receptors","volume":"61","author":"Gaillard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.03880.x","article-title":"Molecular basis of odor detection in insects","volume":"1170","author":"Benton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101827","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling of Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) provides insights into the role of the Haller\u2019s organ in spatial DEET recognition","volume":"13","author":"Koloski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, N., Li, T., Wang, Y., and Liu, S. (2021). G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in insects\u2014A potential target for new insecticide development. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26102993"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debboun, M., Frances, S.P., and Strickman, D. (2006). Insect Repellents: Principles, Methods and Uses, Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420006650"}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/15\/6\/358\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:46:31Z","timestamp":1760031991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/15\/6\/358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["bios15060358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios15060358","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]}}}