{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:11:28Z","timestamp":1791317488922,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s INTERREG VA program","award":["IVA5034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IVA5034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with heart failure and neurological disorders. Therefore, point-of-care (POC) detection of CKD is essential, allowing disease monitoring from home and alleviating healthcare professionals\u2019 workload. Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) facilitate POC testing for a renal function biomarker, serum Cystatin C (CysC). LF devices were fabricated and optimised by varying the diluted sample volume, the nitrocellulose (NC) membrane, bed volume, AuNPs\u2019 OD value and volume, and assay formats of partial or full LF systems. Notably, 310 samples were analysed to satisfy the minimum sample size for statistical calculations. This allowed for a comparison between the LFIAs\u2019 results and the general Roche standard assay results from the Southern Health and Social Care Trust. Bland\u2013Altman plots indicated the LFIAs measured 0.51 mg\/L lower than the Roche assays. With the 95% confidence interval, the Roche method might be 0.24 mg\/L below the LFIAs\u2019 results or 1.27 mg\/L above the LFIAs\u2019 results. In summary, the developed non-fluorescent LFIAs could detect clinical CysC values in agreement with Roche assays. Even though the developed LFIA had an increased bias in low CysC concentration (below 2 mg\/L) detection, the developed LFIA can still alert patients at the early stages of renal function impairment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15070445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T10:26:53Z","timestamp":1752229613000},"page":"445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Performance of Colorimetric Lateral Flow Immunoassays for Renal Function Evaluation with Human Serum Cystatin C"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1118-8304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xushuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, County Antrim BT37 0QB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0712-8106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Fishlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, County Antrim BT37 0QB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0537-4039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Sharpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Health & Social Care Trust (SHSCT), Craigavon Area Hospital, 68 Lurgan Road, Portadown BT63 5QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6026-8971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, County Antrim BT37 0QB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2015.10.017","article-title":"Lateral-flow technology: From visual to instrumental","volume":"79","author":"Mak","year":"2016","journal-title":"TrAC-Trends Anal. 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