{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:30:44Z","timestamp":1760059844392,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation","award":["23YJC890045","BK20230593","YZ2023246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YJC890045","BK20230593","YZ2023246"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["23YJC890045","BK20230593","YZ2023246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YJC890045","BK20230593","YZ2023246"]}]},{"name":"Yangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["23YJC890045","BK20230593","YZ2023246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YJC890045","BK20230593","YZ2023246"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The organic volatile compound gases (VOCs) emitted by the rubber running tracks in the park pose a threat to human health. Currently, the challenge lies in how to detect the VOC gas concentration to ensure it is below the level that is harmful to human health. This study developed a low-power acetone gas sensor based on SnO2\/Nb2C MXene composites, designed for monitoring acetone gas in pocket park rubber tracks at room temperature. Nb2C MXene was combined with SnO2 nanoparticles through a hydrothermal method, and the results showed that the SnO2\/Nb2C MXene composite sensor (SnM-2) exhibited a response value of 146.5% in detecting 1 ppm acetone gas, with a response time of 155 s and a recovery time of 295 s. This performance was significantly better than that of the pure SnO2 sensor, with a 6-fold increase in response value. Additionally, the sensor exhibits excellent selectivity against VOCs, such as ethanol, formaldehyde, and isopropanol, with good stability (~20 days) and reversibility (~50). It can accurately recognize acetone gas concentrations and has been successfully used to simulate rubber track environments and provide accurate acetone concentration data. This study provides a feasible solution for monitoring VOCs in rubber tracks and the foundation for the development of low-power, high-performance, and 2D MXene gas sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15070457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T15:01:05Z","timestamp":1752591665000},"page":"457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rapid Detection of VOCs from Pocket Park Surfaces for Health Risk Monitoring Using SnO2\/Nb2C Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6778-5087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6822-0759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangchao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Fine Art, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Li, N., Ji, H., Zhang, H., Bu, J., Zhang, X., Qian, S., Yang, Y., Han, B., and Wang, H. (2019). Determination and Analysis of Harmful Components in Synthetic Running Tracks from Chinese Primary and Middle Schools. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49142-9"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TA07226B","article-title":"Steering Selectivity in the Detection of Exhaled Biomarkers over Oxide Nanofibers Dispersed with Noble Metals","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2025.118213","article-title":"Recent Advances in Chemiresistive Gas Sensor for Acetone Detection: Focus on Room Temperature","volume":"187","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2025.137599","article-title":"Advanced Yolk-Shell Pt@In2O3 Nanoreactor: Achieving Selective and Ppb-Level Acetone Detection","volume":"434","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2025.110863","article-title":"MOF-Derived Porous Co3O4 Nanosheets Array Assembled on SnO2 Nanofibers for Humidity-Resistant High Efficiency Acetone Detection","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"092101","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4926\/40\/9\/092101","article-title":"Revisit of the Band Gaps of Rutile SnO2 and TiO2: A First-Principles Study","volume":"40","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Semicond."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"2589","article-title":"Insight into SnO2-Based Gas-Sensitive Materials and Readout Circuits for Semiconductor Gas Sensors","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7283","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c10981","article-title":"SnO2\/MWCNTs Nanostructured Material for High-Performance Acetone and Ethanol Gas Sensors","volume":"10","author":"Aleksanyan","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.157692","article-title":"Facile Engineering of Metal\u2013Organic Framework Derived SnO2@NiO Core\u2013Shell Nanocomposites Based Gas Sensor toward Superior VOCs Sensing Performance","volume":"501","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.131061","article-title":"Ultrafast Response and High-Sensitivity Acetone Gas Sensor Based on Porous Hollow Ru-Doped SnO2 Nanotubes","volume":"352","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67944","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c14120","article-title":"Chemiresistive Gas Sensors Made with PtRu@SnO2 Nanoparticles for Machine Learning-Assisted Discrimination of Multiple Volatile Organic Compounds","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b07460","article-title":"Metallic Ti3C2Tx MXene Gas Sensors with Ultrahigh Signal-to-Noise Ratio","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003998","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202003998","article-title":"In Situ Formation of Multiple Schottky Barriers in a Ti3C2 MXene Film and Its Application in Highly Sensitive Gas Sensors","volume":"30","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17382","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TA02438A","article-title":"Solution-Processable Ni3(HITP)2\/MXene Heterostructures for Ppb-Level Gas Detection","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2023.108216","article-title":"Light-Driven, Ultra-Sensitive and Multifunctional Ammonia Wireless Sensing System by Plasmonic-Functionalized Nb2CTx MXenes towards Smart Agriculture","volume":"108","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.128828","article-title":"Flexible Resistive NO2 Gas Sensor of Three-Dimensional Crumpled MXene Ti3C2Tx\/ZnO Spheres for Room Temperature Application","volume":"326","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2024.119205","article-title":"MXene-Based Gas Sensors: State of the Art and Prospects","volume":"226","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2023.131377","article-title":"Self-Assembled Multilayer Nb2C MXene\/MnFe2O4 Electrochemical Sensor with Schottky Junctions for the Detection of Acetaminophen and Dopamine","volume":"667","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.5c00215","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Room-Temperature NO2 Gas Sensor Based on MXene\u2013Cu2O Composites","volume":"10","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2023.134710","article-title":"WO3 Nanoparticles Supported by Nb2CTx MXene for Superior Acetone Detection under High Humidity","volume":"398","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7439","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c00849","article-title":"Carbon-Reinforced Nb2CTx MXene\/MoS2 Nanosheets as a Superior Rate and High-Capacity Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2023.11.032","article-title":"Flexible Resistive NO2 Gas Sensor of SnO2@Ti3C2Tx MXene for Room Temperature Application","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707334","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201707334","article-title":"Self-Assembly of Transition Metal Oxide Nanostructures on MXene Nanosheets for Fast and Stable Lithium Storage. 2018, 30, 1707334","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7351","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TA06548K","article-title":"Scope, Evaluation and Current Perspectives of MXene Synthesis Strategies for State of the Art Applications","volume":"12","author":"Abid","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603286","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201603286","article-title":"Novel Preparation of N-Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles via Laser-Assisted Pyrolysis: Demonstration of Exceptional Lithium Storage Properties","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12669","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR02870G","article-title":"Highly Sensitive and Fast-Response Hydrogen Sensing of WO3 Nanoparticles via Palladium Reined Spillover Effect","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2024.159976","article-title":"Room Temperature Gas Sensors for NH3 Detection Based on SnO2 Films and Lamellar-Structured Ti3C2Tx MXene Heterojunction Nanocomposites","volume":"660","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14095","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b18863","article-title":"Fabrication of a Micro-Electromechanical System-Based Acetone Gas Sensor Using CeO2 Nanodot-Decorated WO3 Nanowires","volume":"12","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3016","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA10942B","article-title":"Room-Temperature High-Performance Acetone Gas Sensor Based on Hydrothermal Synthesized SnO2-Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Composite","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26161","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c04580","article-title":"ZnO-Decorated In\/Ga Oxide Nanotubes Derived from Bimetallic In\/Ga MOFs for Fast Acetone Detection with High Sensitivity and Selectivity","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b01308","article-title":"Ti3C2 MXene-Based Sensors with High Selectivity for NH3 Detection at Room Temperature","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8796","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b00673","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Room-Temperature Operable Gas Sensors Using p-Type Na:ZnO Nanoflowers for Diabetes Detection","volume":"9","author":"Jaisutti","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11984","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TC03879E","article-title":"Enhanced Selective Acetone-Sensing Performance of Hierarchical Hollow SnO2\/\u03b1-Fe2O3 Microcubes","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-024-01645-5","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Chemiresistive Gas Sensors Based on Dual-Mesoporous Zinc Stannate Composites for Room Temperature Rice Quality Monitoring","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2025.137891","article-title":"Triethylamine Gas Sensor Based on Au-Functionalized CdGa2O4 for the Practical Detection of Fish Freshness","volume":"440","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.128292","article-title":"High-Performance Acetone Gas Sensor Based on Ru-Doped SnO2 Nanofibers","volume":"320","author":"Kou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2024.135338","article-title":"Fabrication of 1D\/2D In2O3 Nanofibers\/Ti3C2Tx MXene Composites for High Performance Detection of Trimethylamine at Low Temperature","volume":"405","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.161847","article-title":"SnO2\/NiO\/Al2O3 Heterojunction Driven Charge Transfer for High-Temperature Hydrogen Detection","volume":"510","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110485","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202110485","article-title":"Sacrificial Template-Assisted Synthesis of Inorganic Nanosheets with High-Loading Single-Atom Catalysts: A General Approach","volume":"32","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.11.049","article-title":"Lychee-like ZnO\/ZnFe2O4 Core-Shell Hollow Microsphere for Improving Acetone Gas Sensing Performance","volume":"46","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2024.130167","article-title":"Iso-Elemental SnO\/SnO2 Heterojunction Composites for Enhanced Formaldehyde Gas Sensing","volume":"330","author":"Zong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.02.098","article-title":"Rational Shape Control of Porous Co3O4 Assemblies Derived from MOF and Their Structural Effects on N-Butanol Sensing","volume":"371","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10915","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3060401","article-title":"Dynamic Measurement and Recognition Methods of SnO2 Sensor to VOCs Under Zigzag-Rectangular Wave Temperature Modulation","volume":"21","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2025.02.173","article-title":"Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Ppb-Level Acetone Sensor Using WO3\/Au\/SnO2 Ternary Composite Gas Sensor","volume":"51","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.163694","article-title":"Surface Electronic Structure Modulation of PdO\/SnO2 through Loading Pd for Superior Hydrogen Sensing Performance","volume":"515","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5926","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.4c01691","article-title":"High Performance H2S Sensor Based on Ordered Fe2O3\/Ti3C2 Nanostructure at Room Temperature","volume":"9","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129881","article-title":"Sulfur Spillover Driven by Charge Transfer between AuPd Alloys and SnO2 Allows High Selectivity for Dimethyl Disulfide Gas Sensing","volume":"420","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/15\/7\/457\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:10:06Z","timestamp":1760033406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/15\/7\/457"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["bios15070457"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios15070457","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-6374"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]}}}