{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:33:31Z","timestamp":1760060011521,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1P30DK072482-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P30DK072482-24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000897","name":"Cystic Fibrosis Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Solomon22YO","Solomon20Y0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Solomon22YO","Solomon20Y0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000897","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014229","name":"MIT Media Lab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Space Exploration Initiative"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Space Exploration Initiative"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"U.S. National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Graduate Research Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Graduate Research Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Measurable changes in electrophysiology have been documented in spaceflight, creating a pathway for disease genesis and progression in astronauts. These electrophysiology changes can be measured using potential difference (PD). A probe to measure PD was developed and is used clinically on Earth; this probe relies on fluid perfusion to establish an electrical connection to make PD measurements. The changes to fluid behavior in microgravity and partial gravity (including lunar and Martian gravity) drives the need to test this probe in a spaceflight environment. Here, we test the PD probe in a novel nasal cavity phantom in parabolic flight, simulating microgravity, lunar gravity, Martian gravity, and hypergravity conditions across 37 parabolas. The results are evaluated across gravity conditions using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. We record no statistically significant difference in probe PD measurements in 1 g, microgravity, lunar gravity, and hypergravity (approximately 1.8 g) conditions, reaching a NASA Technology Readiness Level 6. Martian gravity findings are inconclusive. Perfusion-based PD probes are therefore successfully demonstrated for use in spaceflight operation in microgravity, lunar gravity, and hypergravity environments; this establishes a foundation for moving towards the in-space testing of perfusion-based probes in astronauts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15080478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T09:05:12Z","timestamp":1753347912000},"page":"478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the Suitability of Perfusion-Based PD Probes for Use in Altered Gravity Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Madelyn","family":"MacRobbie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Boston, MA 02139, USA"},{"name":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Masschusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"},{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0097-7632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa Z.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7857-8158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cody","family":"Paige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Exploration Initiative, MIT Media Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Otuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4440-2004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Stankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Boston, MA 02139, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Center for Space Medicine Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Tearney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Boston, MA 02139, USA"},{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Goodliff, K.E., Merancy, N.F., Bhakta, S.S., Rucker, M.A., Chai, P.R.P., Ashurst, T.E., Troutman, P.A., and Stromgren, C. 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