{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T05:21:15Z","timestamp":1780377675495,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Public Health Service","award":["RC2 DK122379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC2 DK122379"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Public Health Service","award":["P30 AG024824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG024824"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Public Health Service","award":["RC2 DK122379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC2 DK122379"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Public Health Service","award":["P30 AG024824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG024824"]}]},{"name":"Procter &amp; Gamble","award":["RC2 DK122379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC2 DK122379"]}]},{"name":"Procter &amp; Gamble","award":["P30 AG024824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG024824"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes a novel wearable personal uroflowmeter and its use to log urine leakage episodes in women. Consisting of a miniature flow rate sensor attached under the urethral meatus, it recorded both urine flow rate and volume during activities of daily living. The sensor communicated with a determining unit incorporating a microcontroller and an inertial measurement unit worn at the waist, facilitating the post-hoc determination of which activities and changes in pose caused leakage. Six women participated in a feasibility study performed in a clinical setting. The results indicate that the uroflowmeter was 97.5% accurate in assessing micturition flow compared to gold standard uroflowmetry and leakage measurements. The system also provides subject-specific information on the relationship between physical activity and urine leakage, thereby eliminating errors due to missing data and recall bias in bladder leakage diaries and circumventing the limitations of office-based uroflowmeters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15080481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T15:19:22Z","timestamp":1753370362000},"page":"481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Wearable Personal Uroflowmeter for Measuring Urine Leakage in Women with Incontinence: Feasibility Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3987-6320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Attari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5783-2674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faezeh","family":"Shanehsazzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tana","family":"Kirkbride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1012-7713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John O. 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