{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:42:41Z","timestamp":1791938561847,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre (NCN)","award":["PRELUDIUM-20 2021\/41\/N\/ST4\/02269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRELUDIUM-20 2021\/41\/N\/ST4\/02269"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infectious diseases poses a growing public health challenge. The COVID-19 pandemic has further emphasized the urgent need for rapid, accessible diagnostics. This study presents the development of an integrated, flexible point-of-care (POC) diagnostic system for the rapid detection of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the pathogen responsible for diphtheria. The system comprises a microfluidic polymerase chain reaction (micro-PCR) device and an electrochemical DNA biosensor, both fabricated on flexible substrates. The micro-PCR platform offers rapid DNA amplification overcoming the time limitations of conventional thermocyclers. The biosensor utilizes specific molecular recognition and an electrochemical transducer to detect the amplified DNA fragment, providing a clear and direct indication of the pathogen\u2019s presence. The combined system demonstrates the effective amplification and detection of a gene fragment from a toxic strain of C. diphtheriae, chosen due to its increasing incidence. The design leverages lab-on-a-chip (LOC) and microfluidic technologies to minimize reagent use, reduce cost, and support portability. Key challenges in microsystem design\u2014such as flow control, material selection, and reagent compatibility\u2014were addressed through optimized fabrication techniques and system integration. This work highlights the feasibility of using flexible, integrated microfluidic and biosensor platforms for the rapid, on-site detection of infectious agents. The modular and scalable nature of the system suggests potential for adaptation to a wide range of pathogens, supporting broader applications in global health diagnostics. The approach provides a promising foundation for next-generation POC diagnostic tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15080483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T15:19:22Z","timestamp":1753370362000},"page":"483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Microfluidic System Based on Flexible Structures for Point-of-Care Device Diagnostics with Electrochemical Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kasper","family":"Marchlewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Stanis\u0142awa Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7225-0904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Zi\u00f3\u0142kowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Stanis\u0142awa Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"\u017bukowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies (CEZAMAT), Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Krzemi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies (CEZAMAT), Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4784-7674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Malinowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Stanis\u0142awa Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies (CEZAMAT), Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, January 03). Available online: https:\/\/immunizationdata.who.int\/global\/wiise-detail-page\/diphtheria-reported-cases-and-incidence?GROUP=WHO_REGIONS&YEAR=."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.8b00023","article-title":"A Comparison of Optical, Electrochemical, Magnetic, and Colorimetric Point-of-Care Biosensors for Infectious Disease Diagnosis","volume":"4","author":"Pashchenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-021-03872-w","article-title":"Recent advancements in microfluidic chip biosensor detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria: A review","volume":"414","author":"Mi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jagannath, A., Cong, H., Hassan, J., Gonzalez, G., Gilchrist, M.D., and Zhang, N. (2022). 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