{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:24:33Z","timestamp":1790699073037,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu [Scientific and Technological Research Council of T\u00fcrkiye (TUB\u0130TAK)]","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["123E689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["123E689"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hemoglobin plays a critical role in diagnosing various medical conditions, including infections, trauma, hemolytic disorders, and Mediterranean anemia, which is particularly prevalent in Mediterranean populations. Conventional measurement methods require blood sampling and laboratory analysis, which are often time-consuming and impractical during emergency situations with limited medical infrastructure. Although portable oximeters enable non-invasive hemoglobin estimation, they still require physical contact, posing limitations for individuals with circulatory or dermatological conditions. Additionally, reliance on disposable probes increases operational costs. This study presents a non-contact and automated approach for estimating total hemoglobin levels from facial video data using three-dimensional regression models. A dataset was compiled from 279 volunteers, with synchronized acquisition of facial video and hemoglobin values using a commercial pulse oximeter. After preprocessing, the dataset was divided into training, validation, and test subsets. Three 3D convolutional regression models, including 3D CNN, channel attention-enhanced 3D CNN, and residual 3D CNN, were trained, and the most successful model was implemented in a graphical interface. Among these, the residual model achieved the most favorable performance on the test set, yielding an RMSE of 1.06, an MAE of 0.85, and a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.73. This study offers a novel contribution by enabling contactless hemoglobin estimation from facial video using 3D CNN-based regression techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15080485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T11:38:41Z","timestamp":1753443521000},"page":"485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Estimation of Total Hemoglobin (SpHb) from Facial Videos Using 3D Convolutional Neural Network-Based Regression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0345-6989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ufuk","family":"Bal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, 80000 Osmaniye, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0285-8620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faruk Enes","family":"Oguz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hassa Vocational School, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, 31060 Hatay, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kahramanmara\u015f S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130mam University, 46050 Kahramanmara\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3500-5640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kubilay Muhammed","family":"Sunnetci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, 80000 Osmaniye, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0857-0764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"Alkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kahramanmara\u015f S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130mam University, 46050 Kahramanmara\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7884-1251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alkan","family":"Bal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Manisa Celal Bayar University, 45140 Manisa, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1232-948X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebubekir","family":"Akku\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Germencik Yamant\u00fcrk Vocational School, Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Ayd\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6171-0362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halil","family":"Erol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, 80000 Osmaniye, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9849-3338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f","family":"Se\u00e7kin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Ayd\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102619","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Thalassemia, 1990\u20132021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"72","author":"Tuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2025, July 22). 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