{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:34:01Z","timestamp":1791354841580,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, ICT (MSIT)","award":["RS-2024-00450201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00450201"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, ICT (MSIT)","award":["RS-2020-NR049537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2020-NR049537"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) is a high-resolution interferometric imaging technique that enables label-free visualization of cellular structural changes. In this study, we employed a custom-built time-domain FF-OCT system to monitor morphological alterations in HeLa cells undergoing doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and ethanol-induced necrosis at the single-cell level. Apoptotic cells showed characteristic features such as echinoid spine formation, cell contraction, membrane blebbing, and filopodia reorganization. In contrast, necrotic cells exhibited rapid membrane rupture, intracellular content leakage, and abrupt loss of adhesion structure. These dynamic events were visualized using high-resolution tomography and three-dimensional surface topography mapping. Furthermore, FF-OCT-based interference reflection microscopy (IRM)-like imaging effectively highlighted changes in cell\u2013substrate adhesion and cell boundary integrity during the cell death process. Our findings suggest that FF-OCT is a powerful imaging platform for distinguishing cell death pathways and assessing dynamic cellular states, with potential applications in drug toxicity testing, anticancer therapy evaluation, and regenerative medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15080522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T09:59:13Z","timestamp":1754906353000},"page":"522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["High-Resolution Imaging of Morphological Changes Associated with Apoptosis and Necrosis Using Single-Cell Full-Field Optical Coherence Tomography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0211-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suyeon","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyeong Ryeol","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minju","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joonseup","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon-Mo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Photoacoustic Medical Instruments, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0099-9681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0793-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo June","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-017-0012-4","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Death: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018","volume":"25","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.11.044","article-title":"Cell Death","volume":"187","author":"Newton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2007.12.001","article-title":"Apoptosis and Necrosis: Detection, Discrimination and Phagocytosis","volume":"44","author":"Krysko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701320337","article-title":"Apoptosis: A Review of Programmed Cell Death","volume":"35","author":"Elmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. 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