{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:45:12Z","timestamp":1792154712896,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MSU Program of Development","award":["23-SCH03-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-SCH03-06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the toxicity of ten polymer materials intended for the development of invasive neural interfaces improving the treatment of neurological diseases. Most of the materials for neural implants can cause traumatization of the surrounding tissue, inflammation, and foreign body reaction. In this study, in vitro and in vivo toxicity assessment was performed for nylon 618 (NY), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polylactide (PLA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G), and polyimide (PI). The biocompatibility of these ten materials was assessed based on cell adhesion, growth and cytotoxicity on neural (PC-12) and fibroblast (NRK-49F) cultures. Furthermore, brain tissue responses to the implanted phantom scaffolds were analyzed in rats. According to these measurements, PI showed the highest compatibility for both cell types. PEGDA exhibited cytotoxic effects, low cell adhesion and the strongest foreign body reaction, including fibrosis and multinucleated cell formation. The other polymers showed lower pathological responses which makes them potentially usable for neural interfacing. We conclude that PEGDA appears to be unsuitable for long-term use due to adverse tissue and cellular reactions, whereas PI, PLA, PDMS and TPU hold promise as materials for safe and effective neural interface applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15090599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T10:50:04Z","timestamp":1757587804000},"page":"599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Foreign Body Reaction to Neural Implants: A Comparative Study of Polymer Toxicity and Tissue Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9959-2880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciara","family":"Makievskaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4181-3764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Brezgunova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2720-4575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadezda","family":"Andrianova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny","family":"Kelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Solovyova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gelena","family":"Naumova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Zeinalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Institution \u201cCentre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks\u201d, Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7441-1062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Gancharova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Institution \u201cCentre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks\u201d, Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Bushkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0620-8016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniil","family":"Kozlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valery","family":"Putlayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Materials Science Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Evdokimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Materials Science Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Petrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Lebedev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2838-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egor","family":"Plotnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasily","family":"Popkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01021-5","article-title":"Translational Opportunities and Challenges of Invasive Electrodes for Neural Interfaces","volume":"7","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. 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