{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T19:23:32Z","timestamp":1789068212232,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI)","award":["Project No. 195910\/R66EX01222\/R66EX01255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project No. 195910\/R66EX01222\/R66EX01255"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge, particularly in resource-limited settings where access to rapid and reliable diagnostics is limited. Conventional diagnostic methods, such as smear microscopy and culture, are either time-consuming or lack adequate sensitivity. This study optimized recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) using 16 primer combinations targeting IS6110 highly specific to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). A novel naked-eye assay, TB-GoldDx, was developed by integrating RPA combined with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), enabling equipment-free diagnostics. TB-GoldDx demonstrated a detection limit of 0.001 ng of MTB H37Rv DNA (~210 bacilli) per 25 \u00b5L reaction. Among 100 bacterial strains, it achieved 95.83% sensitivity and 100% specificity among 100 bacterial strains, comprising 72 MTB isolates and 28 nontuberculous bacterial species. In 140 sputum samples, the assay showed 81.43% sensitivity and 58.57% specificity versus acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear microscopy, with sensitivity improving to 95.45% in high-load AFB 3+ specimens. Compared to a commercial line probe assay (LPA), TB-GoldDx exhibited slightly higher sensitivity (84.78% vs. 82.61%) but lower specificity (54.05% vs. 78.38%). Delivering rapid, visual results in under an hour, TB-GoldDx offers a low-cost, easily deployable solution for point-of-care tuberculosis detection, especially in underserved regions, reinforcing global End TB efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15090607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T07:33:02Z","timestamp":1758007982000},"page":"607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Gold Nanoparticle-Enhanced Recombinase Polymerase Amplification for Rapid Visual Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sukanya","family":"Saikaew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4987-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sirikwan","family":"Sangboonruang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodjana","family":"Pongsararuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Disease Prevention and Control Region 1 (ODPC-1) Chiang Mai, Department of Disease Control, The Ministry of Public Health, Muang District, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prapaporn","family":"Srilohasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"},{"name":"Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research (DR-TB) Fund, Siriraj Foundation, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8560-6540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bordin","family":"Butr-Indr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Unit (IDRU), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7137-4750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sorasak","family":"Intorasoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of 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