{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T04:45:19Z","timestamp":1794026719902,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Cearense Foundation for the Support of Scientific and Technological Development (FUNCAP), Brazil"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrochemical sensors have emerged as powerful analytical tools for the detection of anti-inflammatory and antibiotic drugs due to their high sensitivity, rapid response, and cost-effectiveness compared to conventional chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. This review highlights recent advances in electrode materials, surface modification strategies, and signal amplification approaches for quantifying nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and various antibiotic classes, including sulfonamides, tetracyclines, macrolides, and quinolones. Particular attention is given to nanostructured carbon-based materials, metal nanoparticles, and polymer composites that enhance electron transfer, improve selectivity, and lower limits of detection (LODs). The analytical performance of different electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and square-wave voltammetry is critically compared across various drug targets. Trends indicate that hybrid nanomaterial-modified electrodes consistently achieve sub-micromolar detection limits in biological and environmental samples, offering potential for point-of-care diagnostics and environmental monitoring. Current challenges include improving sensor stability, mitigating fouling effects, and ensuring reproducibility in complex matrices. Future research should focus on integrated, miniaturized sensing platforms capable of multiplex detection, paving the way for rapid, portable, and sustainable analytical solutions in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15100676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T12:04:52Z","timestamp":1759925092000},"page":"676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Anti-Inflammatory and Antibiotic Drugs: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7815-9327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisele Afonso Bento","family":"Mello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Curso de Licenciatura em Qu\u00edmica, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o (ICED), Universidade Federal do Oeste do Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Avenida Marechal Rondon, s\/n, Caranazal, Santar\u00e9m 68040-070, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6049-2156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen Rathinaraj","family":"Benjamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Coronel Nunes de Melo 1127, Porangabussu, Fortaleza 60430-270, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8314-4218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa F.","family":"Dutra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22867","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA04309J","article-title":"Electrochemical and Optical Protocols for the Detection and Removal of an Antibiotic Drug Rifaximin from Wastewater","volume":"14","author":"Riffat","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frigoli, M., Krupa, M.P., Hooyberghs, G., Lowdon, J.W., Cleij, T.J., Dili\u00ebn, H., Eersels, K., and van Grinsven, B. (2024). Electrochemical Sensors for Antibiotic Detection: A Focused Review with a Brief Overview of Commercial Technologies. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175576"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1039\/D4MH00776J","article-title":"Graphene-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Antibiotics: Sensing Theories, Synthetic Methods, and on-Site Monitoring Applications","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3394","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-30223-2","article-title":"Functionalities of Electrochemical Fluoroquinolone Sensors and Biosensors","volume":"31","author":"Nepfumbada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2022.100381","article-title":"Graphene-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Detection of Environmental Pollutants","volume":"29","author":"Benjamin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-35852-9","article-title":"Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensing and Remediation Technologies for Ciprofloxacin","volume":"32","author":"Kini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoms.2022.07.003","article-title":"MXene-Based Electrochemical (Bio) Sensors for Sustainable Applications: Roadmap for Future Advanced Materials","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70238","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.70238","article-title":"Exploring the Potential of MXenes for Biomedical and Environmental Applications\u2014An Abridged Review","volume":"40","author":"Chandrasekar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Luminescence"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/s41699-025-00586-w","article-title":"Recent Advances in MXene Gas Sensors: Synthesis, Composites, and Mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj 2D Mater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baranwal, J., Barse, B., Gatto, G., Broncova, G., and Kumar, A. (2022). Electrochemical Sensors and Their Applications: A Review. Chemosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10090363"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, L., Durairaj, S., Prins, S., and Chen, A. (2021). Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for the Detection of Pharmaceutical Compounds. Biosens. Bioelectron., 175.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112836"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, L., Thiruppathi, A.R., Elmahdy, R., van der Zalm, J., and Chen, A. (2020). Graphene-Oxide-Based Electrochemical Sensors for the Sensitive Detection of Pharmaceutical Drug Naproxen. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051252"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2018.05.026","article-title":"An Advanced Approach for Electrochemical Sensing of Ibuprofen in Pharmaceuticals and Human Urine Samples Using a Bare Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode","volume":"822","author":"Samphao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.09.058","article-title":"Continuous Monitoring of Naproxen by a Cytochrome P450-Based Electrochemical Sensor","volume":"53","author":"Cavallini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.104744","article-title":"Single Step Preparation of Platinum Nanoflowers\/Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrode as a Novel Platform for Diclofenac Sensor","volume":"155","author":"Kimuam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.03.003","article-title":"Hybrid Nanocellulose\/f-MWCNTs Nanocomposite for the Electrochemical Sensing of Diclofenac Sodium in Pharmaceutical Drugs and Biological Fluids","volume":"304","author":"Shalauddin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2023.117587","article-title":"Disposable Sensor Based on Carbon Electrodes Modified with Cobalt-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanocrystals for Electrochemical Detection of Amoxicillin","volume":"942","author":"Souza","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motoc, S., Manea, F., Baciu, A., Orha, C., and Pop, A. (2021). Electrochemical Method for Ease Determination of Sodium Diclofenac Trace Levels in Water Using Graphene\u2014Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Paste Electrode. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010029"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5765","DOI":"10.1007\/s11696-025-04151-z","article-title":"Potentiometric Determination of Anti-Inflammatory Drug Etodolac in Pharmaceutical Samples and Its Greenness Assessment","volume":"79","author":"Elik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flatc.2023.100563","article-title":"2D\/2D Cobalt Vanadate Nanoplatelets\/S-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Composite for the Detection of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug: Acetaminophen","volume":"42","author":"Alagarsamy","year":"2023","journal-title":"FlatChem"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguilar-Lira, G.Y., L\u00f3pez-Barriguete, J.E., Hernandez, P., \u00c1lvarez-Romero, G.A., and Guti\u00e9rrez, J.M. (2022). Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Using a Modified Carbon Paste Electrode and Chemometrics. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010421"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.10.048","article-title":"A New and Simple Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Amoxicillin and Nimesulide Using Carbon Black within a Dihexadecylphosphate Film as Electrochemical Sensor","volume":"179","author":"Deroco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.04.082","article-title":"Graphene Modified Glassy Carbon Sensor for the Determination of Aspirin Metabolites in Human Biological Samples","volume":"143","author":"Purushotham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105258","article-title":"Diclofenac Determination Using CeO2 Nanoparticle Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes\u2014A Study of Background Correction","volume":"158","author":"Betts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"2793","article-title":"Development of a New Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor to Piroxicam Anti-Inflammatory Determination Using a Disposable Screen-Printed Electrode","volume":"30","author":"Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ion. (Kiel)"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coxib and Traditional NSAID Trialists\u2019 (CNT) Collaboration (2013). Vascular and Upper Gastrointestinal Effects of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Meta-Analyses of Individual Participant Data from Randomised Trials. Lancet, 382, 769\u2013779.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60900-9"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140043","article-title":"Toxicity of the Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Acetylsalicylic Acid, Paracetamol, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen and Naproxen towards Freshwater Invertebrates: A Review","volume":"740","author":"Parolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2021.114988","article-title":"Al2O3 Microparticles Immobilized on Glassy-carbon Electrode as Catalytic Sites for the Electrochemical Oxidation and High Detectability of Naproxen: Experimental and Simulation Insights","volume":"882","author":"Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valera, E., Babington, R., Broto, M., Petanas, S., Galve, R., and Marco, M.-P. (2013). Application of Bioassays\/Biosensors for the Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in Environmental Samples. Analysis, Fate and Removal of Pharmaceuticals in the Water Cycle, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62657-8.00007-0"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2021.08.009","article-title":"Electrochemical Evaluation of Naproxen through Au@f-CNT\/GO Nanocomposite in Environmental Water and Biological Samples","volume":"104","author":"Alagumalai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2021.115534","article-title":"Low Oxidation Potential Electrochemiluminescence from Novel Iridium(III) Complexes Comprising N-Heterocyclic Carbene Main Ligands Containing Dibenzothiophene Motif","volume":"895","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3390\/s120100612","article-title":"Aptamers and Their Biological Applications","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grabowska, I., Hepel, M., and Kurz\u0105tkowska-Adaszy\u0144ska, K. (2022). Advances in Design Strategies of Multiplex Electrochemical Aptasensors. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010161"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00171","article-title":"Molecularly Imprinted Polymers","volume":"119","author":"BelBruno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, G., Zhang, Y., Sun, D., Yan, S., Wen, Y., Wang, Y., Li, G., Liu, H., Li, J., and Song, Z. (2023). Recent Advances in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Antibiotic Analysis. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010335"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M.-J., Shin, J.-H., Jung, S.-H., and Oh, B.-K. (2024). Recent Advances in Biosensors Using Enzyme-Stabilized Gold Nanoclusters. Biosensors, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15010002"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tadesse, M., and Liu, Y. (2025). Recent Advances in Enzyme Immobilization: The Role of Artificial Intelligence, Novel Nanomaterials, and Dynamic Carrier Systems. Catalysts, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal15060571"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamin, S.R., de Souza Nascimento, T., Roque, C.R., de Andrade, G.M., and Ori\u00e1, R.B. (2022). Recent Advances in the Development of Immunosensors for Infectious Diseases. Biosensors for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-88464-8.00006-3"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamin, S.R., J\u00fanior, E.J.M.R., de Andrade, G.M., and Ori\u00e1, R.B. (2023). Metal-Organic Framework\u2013Based Electrochemical Immunosensors for Virus Detection. Advanced Functional Metal-Organic Frameworks, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003252061-12"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.12.031","article-title":"Electrochemical Sensor and Biosensor Platforms Based on Advanced Nanomaterials for Biological and Biomedical Applications","volume":"103","author":"Maduraiveeran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.2174\/1573411014666180917113920","article-title":"Electrochemical Determination of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs","volume":"15","author":"Karadurmus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2021.116403","article-title":"Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for the Detection of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs","volume":"143","author":"Kalambate","year":"2021","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135331","article-title":"Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensor Developments for Detecting Emerging Pollutant in Water Environment","volume":"304","author":"Karthik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"7336","article-title":"A Review on Recent Trends and Future Developments in Electrochemical Sensing","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyszczuk-Rotko, K., Kozak, J., and Czech, B. (2022). Screen-Printed Voltammetric Sensors\u2014Tools for Environmental Water Monitoring of Painkillers. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072437"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamin, S., de Lima, F., Nascimento, V., de Andrade, G., and Ori\u00e1, R. (2023). Advancement in Paper-Based Electrochemical Biosensing and Emerging Diagnostic Methods. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13070689"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b05690","article-title":"Engineered Carbon-Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Biomolecules","volume":"10","author":"Tiwari","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.06.052","article-title":"Fabrication of an Ultrasensitive Ibuprofen Nanoaptasensor Based on Covalent Attachment of Aptamer to Electrochemically Deposited Gold-Nanoparticles on Glassy Carbon Electrode","volume":"144","author":"Roushani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2019.104124","article-title":"Nanostructured Silver Doped TiO2\/CNTs Hybrid as an Efficient Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Anti-Inflammatory Drug, Cetirizine","volume":"150","author":"Shetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.111924","article-title":"Development of ZnO-Pd\/Bi2O3 Nanocomposite Modified Carbon Paste Electrode as a Sensor for the Simultaneous Determination of Piroxicam and Naproxen","volume":"207","author":"Zarei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2019.1661396","article-title":"A New Electrochemical Sensing Platform for Quantitative Determination of Diclofenac Based on Gold Nanoparticles Decorated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes\/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Film","volume":"101","author":"Nasiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2023.159280","article-title":"Synthesis of Polypyrrole (PPY) Functionalized Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs): An Electrochemical Sensor for Ibuprofen","volume":"652","author":"Kaur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2021.101276","article-title":"Effect of Ibuprofen on the Electrochemical Properties of Prussian Blue\/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposite Modified Electrode","volume":"25","author":"Carvalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talo.2020.100026","article-title":"Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for the Determination of Diclofenac in Pharmaceutical, Biological and Water Samples","volume":"3","author":"Boumya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta Open"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.0c01318","article-title":"Wearable Electrochemical Sensors for the Monitoring and Screening of Drugs","volume":"5","author":"Teymourian","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7930","DOI":"10.20964\/2018.08.01","article-title":"Amperometric Determination of Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) Using Graphene Oxide Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode","volume":"13","author":"Alagarsamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2013.12.026","article-title":"ZnO Nanoparticles and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for Determination of Naproxen Using Electrochemical Techniques","volume":"714\u2013715","author":"Tashkhourian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.113903","article-title":"Construction of a Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensor Based on MIP-ZrMOFs\/RGO for Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Ketoprofen","volume":"213","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2022.107992","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticles Stabilized by Sulfonated Imidazolium Salt for the Manufacture of Modified Electrodes in Order to Electrochemical Detection of Indomethacin","volume":"183","author":"Monti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.114078","article-title":"Development of a Porous Polycitric Acid-Branch Coated Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Infused with Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Advanced Electrochemical Sensing of Piroxicam in Authentic and Pharmaceutical Samples","volume":"214","author":"Yari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.2174\/1573412914666180402130716","article-title":"Electro-Oxidation Mechanism of Meloxicam and Electrochemical Sensing Platform Based on Graphene Nanoparticles for Its Sensing Pharmaceutical Sample","volume":"15","author":"Bayraktepe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2018.03.009","article-title":"Silver-Choline Chloride Modified Graphene Oxide: Novel Nano-Bioelectrochemical Sensor for Celecoxib Detection and CCD-RSM Model","volume":"45","author":"Parsaee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.01.131","article-title":"A Novel Disposable Sensor Based on Gold Digital Versatile Disc Chip Modified with Graphene Oxide Decorated with Ag Nanoparticles\/\u03b2-Cyclodextrin for Voltammetric Measurement of Naproxen","volume":"286","author":"Tarahomi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2016.06.026","article-title":"Size Effects of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on the Electrochemical Oxidation of Propionic Acid Derivative Drugs: Ibuprofen and Naproxen","volume":"775","author":"Montes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teac.2023.e00199","article-title":"Modern Designs of Electrochemical Sensor Platforms for Environmental Analyses: Principles, Nanofabrication Opportunities, and Challenges","volume":"38","author":"Barhoum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2020.114427","article-title":"The Recent Advancement of Low-Dimensional Nanostructured Materials for Drug Delivery and Drug Sensing Application: A Brief Review","volume":"320","author":"Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2011.03.008","article-title":"Electrochemical Sensor for the Simultaneous Determination of Caffeine and Aspirin in Human Urine Samples","volume":"655","author":"Goyal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2015.12.049","article-title":"An Impedimetric Aptasensor Based on Water Soluble Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Quantum Dots (QDs) for Detection of Ibuprofen","volume":"763","author":"Roushani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.04.074","article-title":"One-Step Synthesis of Porous Copper Oxide for Electrochemical Sensing of Acetylsalicylic Acid in the Real Sample","volume":"501","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.03.009","article-title":"Multi-Panel Drugs Detection in Human Serum for Personalized Therapy","volume":"26","author":"Carrara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(12)60068-0","article-title":"Electrochemical Detection and Degradation of Ibuprofen from Water on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes-Epoxy Composite Electrode","volume":"25","author":"Motoc","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2018.11.005","article-title":"Applicability of AuNPs@N-GQDs Nanocomposite in the Modeling of the Amplified Electrochemical Ibuprofen Aptasensing Assay by Monitoring of Riboflavin","volume":"126","author":"Roushani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105378","article-title":"Facile Synthesis of 3D Stone-like Copper Tellurate (Cu3TeO6) as a New Platform for Anti-Inflammatory Drug Ibuprofen Sensor in Human Blood Serum and Urine Samples","volume":"159","author":"Mutharani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2018.10.046","article-title":"Sensitive Voltammetric Method for the Determination of Naproxen at the Surface of Carbon Nanofiber\/Gold\/Polyaniline Nanocomposite Modified Carbon Ionic Liquid Electrode","volume":"145","author":"Afzali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.09.034","article-title":"Construction of a Glassy Carbon Ibuprofen Electrode Modified with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Cyclodextrins","volume":"255","author":"Lenik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quddus, F., Shah, A., Ullah, N., and Shah, I. (2024). Metal-Based Nanomaterials for the Sensing of NSAIDS. Nanomaterials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14070630"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157412","article-title":"Highly Sensitive and Simultaneous Electrochemical Determinations of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Water Using Nanostructured Carbon-Based Paste Electrodes","volume":"846","author":"Motoc","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14022","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-020-03876-9","article-title":"Development of a Novel Electrochemical Sensor Using the FeNi3\/CuS\/BiOCl Nanocomposite for Determination of Naproxen","volume":"31","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.113389","article-title":"Electrochemical Investigation on Naproxen Sensing and Steady-State Diffusion Analysis Using Ni-Fe Layered Double Hydroxide Modified Gold Electrode","volume":"220","author":"Muruganandam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3103\/S1068375515030114","article-title":"Pharmaceutical Electrochemistry: The Electrochemical Detection of Aspirin Utilising Screen Printed Graphene Electrodes as Sensors Platforms","volume":"51","author":"Kruanetr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surf. Eng. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.03.095","article-title":"Electrochemical Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots Decorated Copper Oxide for the Sensitive and Selective Detection of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug in Berries","volume":"523","author":"Muthusankar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2011.06.067","article-title":"Acetylsalicylic Acid Electrochemical Sensor Based on PATP\u2013AuNPs Modified Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Film","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2016.05.046","article-title":"Graphene\/Nafion Composite Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol, Aspirin and Caffeine in Pharmaceutical Formulations","volume":"158","author":"Levent","year":"2016","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10177","DOI":"10.20964\/2017.11.03","article-title":"Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for Sensitive Determination of Acetylsalicylic Acid","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110665","article-title":"An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Chitosan Capped with Gold Nanoparticles Combined with a Voltammetric Electronic Tongue for Quantitative Aspirin Detection in Human Physiological Fluids and Tablets","volume":"110","author":"Diouf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kassa, A., Bitew, Z., and Abebe, A. (2023). A Non-Toxic Poly(Resorcinol) Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Highly Selective Square Wave Voltammetry Determination of Aspirin in Tablet Formulations and Human Urine Samples. Sens. Bio-Sens. Res., 39.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2023.100554"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12622","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NJ01117K","article-title":"Electrochemical Oxidation of Diclofenac on CNT and M\/CNT Modified Electrodes","volume":"45","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2017.03.050","article-title":"New Insights on Diclofenac Electrochemistry Using Graphite as Working Electrode","volume":"794","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u0103ghinici, A.-R., Bounegru, A.-V., and Apetrei, C. (2025). Electrochemical Detection of Diclofenac Using a Screen-Printed Electrode Modified with Graphene Oxide and Phenanthroline. Chemosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors13020055"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.107416","article-title":"Chitosan\/TiO2 Nanoparticles Modified Carbon Paste Electrode as a Sensitive Voltammetric Sensor for the Determination of Diclofenac Sodium as an Anti-Inflammatory Drug","volume":"37","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2017.06.163","article-title":"Immobilized Copper Ions on MWCNTS-Chitosan Thin Film: Enhanced Amperometric Sensor for Electrochemical Determination of Diclofenac Sodium in Aqueous Solution","volume":"42","author":"Shalauddin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10390","DOI":"10.20964\/2018.11.16","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Electrochemical Sensor Based on Polymeric \/TiO2Nanocomposite Modified with Imidizolium Ionic Liquid for Determination of Diclofenac","volume":"13","author":"Farghali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.09.097","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticle\/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode as a Sensitive Voltammetric Sensor for the Determination of Diclofenac Sodium","volume":"59","author":"Afkhami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105237","article-title":"An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Plasma-Treated Zinc Oxide Nanoflowers for the Simultaneous Detection of Dopamine and Diclofenac Sodium","volume":"158","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.22.288614","article-title":"The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) Antibiotic Book and Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"101","author":"Zanichelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muteeb, G., Rehman, M.T., Shahwan, M., and Aatif, M. (2023). Origin of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance, and Their Impacts on Drug Development: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202306.1921.v1"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098614554919","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance: Risk Associated with Antibiotic Overuse and Initiatives to Reduce the Problem","volume":"5","author":"Llor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hrioua, A., Loudiki, A., Farahi, A., Bakasse, M., Lahrich, S., Saqrane, S., and El Mhammedi, M.A.A. (2021). Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensors for Amoxicillin Detection in Biological and Environmental Samples. Bioelectrochemistry, 137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2020.107687"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702231208407","article-title":"Penicillin-Binding Protein (PBP) Inhibitor Development: A 10-Year Chemical Perspective","volume":"248","author":"Bertonha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.02.045","article-title":"Voltammetric Sensor for Amoxicillin Determination in Human Urine Using Polyglutamic Acid\/Glutaraldehyde Film","volume":"133","author":"Santos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2019.113641","article-title":"An in Situ IR-Vis Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy Study of Cyanide Adsorption during Zinc Electrodeposition","volume":"855","author":"Rossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.128937","article-title":"Developing a Styrylpyridinium-Based Fluorescent Probe with Excellent Sensitivity for Visualizing Basal H2S Levels in Mitochondria","volume":"327","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2012.04.010","article-title":"Sensitive Determination of Methotrexate at Nano-Au Self-Assembled Monolayer Modified Electrode","volume":"674","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.120252","article-title":"A New Electrochemical Platform Based on Low Cost Nanomaterials for Sensitive Detection of the Amoxicillin Antibiotic in Different Matrices","volume":"206","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.124050","article-title":"Simple Strategy for the Detection of the Amoxicillin Antibiotic in Different Matrices Using a Low-Cost Paper Electrode","volume":"253","author":"Lisboa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adane, W.D., Chandravanshi, B.S., and Tessema, M. (2023). A Simple, Ultrasensitive and Cost-Effective Electrochemical Sensor for the Determination of Ciprofloxacin in Various Types of Samples. Sens. Bio-Sens. Res., 39.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2022.100547"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Himanshu, J.K., Lakshmi, G.B.V.S., Singh, A.K., and Solanki, P.R. (2024). Reduced Graphene Oxide-Gadolinium Oxide-Functionalized Paper Based Immunosensor for Electrochemical Detection of Gentamicin. Biosens. Bioelectron. X, 17.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosx.2024.100442"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2021.115713","article-title":"Using Magnetic Nanoparticles\/MIP-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Quantification of Tetracycline in Milk Samples","volume":"900","author":"Zeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15223","article-title":"Green Ecofriendly Electrochemical Sensing Platform for the Sensitive Determination of Doxycycline","volume":"9","author":"Asran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-022-09405-0","article-title":"Electrochemical Sensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Poly-Arginine for Highly Sensitive and Selective Erythromycin Determination","volume":"34","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136566","article-title":"An Ultra-Sensitive Rifampicin Electrochemical Sensor Based on Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Anchored Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode","volume":"309","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1134\/S1061934824700059","article-title":"A Voltammetric Sensor Based on a Chitosan, Graphitized Carbon Black, and Molecularly Imprinted Polyarylene Phthalide Composite for Clarithromycin Detection","volume":"79","author":"Yarkaeva","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AY02566A","article-title":"Azithromycin Electrochemical Detection Using a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Prepared on a Disposable Screen-Printed Electrode","volume":"12","author":"Rebelo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.111743","article-title":"Boronate Affinity Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensor Based on Electrospun Carbon Nanofibres for Selective Kanamycin Detection","volume":"207","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"087506","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ab8ce5","article-title":"A Simple and Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor for Chloramphenicol Detection in Pharmaceutical Samples","volume":"167","author":"Kaewnu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Q., Abdiryim, T., Jamal, R., Liu, X., Xue, C., Xie, S., Tang, X., and Wei, J. (2024). A Novel Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensor from Poly (3, 4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)\/Chitosan for Selective and Sensitive Detection of Levofloxacin. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 267.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131321"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.01.016","article-title":"Fabrication of a New Ultrasensitive AuNPs-MIC-Based Sensor for Electrochemical Determination of Streptomycin","volume":"299","author":"Zarei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2023.108444","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Determination of Metronidazole Using Flower-like Cobalt Anchored on Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Electrochemical Sensor","volume":"188","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feier, B., Blidar, A., Pusta, A., Carciuc, P., and Cristea, C. (2019). Electrochemical Sensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for the Detection of Cefalexin. Biosensors, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios9010031"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smajdor, J., Paczosa-Bator, B., and Piech, R. (2023). Electrochemical Sensor Based on the Hierarchical Carbon Nanocomposite for Highly Sensitive Ciprofloxacin Determination. Membranes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes13070682"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.202060274","article-title":"Copper Based Organic Framework Modified Electrosensor for Selective and Sensitive Detection of Ciprofloxacin","volume":"32","author":"Rani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gill, A.A.S., Singh, S., Nate, Z., Pawar, C., Chauhan, R., Thapliyal, N.B., Karpoormath, R., and Patel, R. (2021). One-Pot Synthesis of \u03b2-Cyclodextrin Modified Silver Nanoparticles for Highly Sensitive Detection of Ciprofloxacin. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 203.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2021.114219"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2016.1258864","article-title":"\u03b2\u2013Cyclodextrin Carbon Nanotube-Enhanced Sensor for Ciprofloxacin Detection","volume":"52","author":"Garrido","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b07337","article-title":"Selective Electrochemical Detection of Ciprofloxacin with a Porous Nafion\/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composite Film Electrode","volume":"8","author":"Gayen","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"1947","article-title":"Square-Wave Voltammetry Determination of Ciprofloxacin in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Milk Using a Reduced Graphene Oxide Sensor","volume":"30","author":"Faria","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17558","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-021-06288-5","article-title":"An Electrochemical Sensor Based on V2O5 Nanoparticles for the Detection of Ciprofloxacin","volume":"32","author":"Tajik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-024-06119-7","article-title":"Simple and Disposable Device Based on Gold Nanoparticles Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode for Detection of Ciprofloxacin","volume":"29","author":"Pereira","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-023-04995-z","article-title":"High-Sensitivity Electrochemical Sensor Using No Nanomaterials for the Detection of Ciprofloxacin with Poly 2-(Hydroxymethyl)Thiophene-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode","volume":"81","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-021-04869-z","article-title":"An Electrochemical Sensor for Voltammetric Detection of Ciprofloxacin Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Activated Carbon, Gold Nanoparticles and Supramolecular Solvent","volume":"188","author":"Gissawong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhry, S.B., Veve, M.P., and Wagner, J.L. (2019). Cephalosporins: A Focus on Side Chains and \u03b2-Lactam Cross-Reactivity. Pharmacy, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy7030103"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34599","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c04514","article-title":"Potentiodynamic Poly(Resorcinol)-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode as a Voltammetric Sensor for Determining Cephalexin and Cefadroxil Simultaneously in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Biological Fluid Samples","volume":"7","author":"Kassa","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.04.050","article-title":"Electrochemical Determination of Cephalosporins Using a Bare Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode","volume":"976","author":"Feier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8639","DOI":"10.20964\/2019.09.15","article-title":"Recent Progress and Novel Perspectives of Electrochemical Sensor for Cephalosporins Detection","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.11.021","article-title":"A Sensitive and Selective Voltammetric Sensor Based on Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Decorated with MgCr2O4 for the Determination of Azithromycin","volume":"103","author":"Ensafi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2013.05.037","article-title":"Facile Synthesis of the Necklace-like Graphene Oxide-Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Nanohybrid and Its Application in Electrochemical Sensing of Azithromycin","volume":"787","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2018.09.053","article-title":"An Azithromycin Electrochemical Sensor Based on an Aniline MIP Film Electropolymerized on a Gold Nano Urchins\/Graphene Oxide Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode","volume":"829","author":"Jafari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2023.101123","article-title":"Preparation of an Efficient and Selective Voltammetric Sensor Based on Screen Printed Carbon Ink Electrode Modified with TiO2 Nanoparticles for Azithromycin Quantification","volume":"6","author":"Sopaj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24427","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24427","article-title":"Mechanism of Action, Resistance, Synergism, and Clinical Implications of Azithromycin","volume":"36","author":"Heidary","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pog\u0103cean, F., Varodi, C., M\u0103geru\u015fan, L., Stefan-van Staden, R.-I., and Pruneanu, S. (2022). Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Azithromycin with Graphene-Modified Electrode. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166181"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202400520","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202400520","article-title":"A New Electrochemical Sensor for the Detection of Azithromycin Using Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode Modified with Boron-Doped Diamond Nanoparticles and Reduced-Graphene Oxide","volume":"9","author":"Jiwanti","year":"2024","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.160997","article-title":"Azithromycin Electrochemical Detection Using a VO2 Thin Film","volume":"885","author":"Guerra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1139\/cjc-2021-0295","article-title":"Graphite-Based Sensor Amended with Fumed Silica for Electrodetection of Azithromycin","volume":"100","author":"Mamdouh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamdouh, S., Shehata, M., Fekry, A.M., and Ameer, M.A. (2025). Electro-Polymerization of Modified Carbon Paste Sensor for Detecting Azithromycin. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79614-6"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2011.09.005","article-title":"Electrochemical Behavior of Azithromycin at Graphene and Ionic Liquid Composite Film Modified Electrode","volume":"86","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoian, I.-A., Iacob, B.-C., Duda\u0219, C.-L., Barbu-Tudoran, L., Bogdan, D., Marian, I.O., Bodoki, E., and Oprean, R. (2020). Biomimetic Electrochemical Sensor for the Highly Selective Detection of Azithromycin in Biological Samples. Biosens. Bioelectron., 155.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112098"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5829","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-023-02773-x","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor Based on Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Graphene Nanoribbon\u2013CoFe2O4@NiO and Ionic Liquid for Azithromycin Antibiotic Monitoring in Biological and Pharmaceutical Samples","volume":"13","author":"Mostafazadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niyitanga, T., Khan, M.Q., Ahmad, K., and Khan, R.A. (2023). Fabrication of an Azithromycin Sensor. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13110986"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, T., Tao, Y., Jin, H., Song, B., Jing, T., Luo, D., Zhou, Y., Zhou, Y., Lee, Y.-I., and Mei, S. (2016). Fabrication of a Selective and Sensitive Sensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymer\/Acetylene Black for the Determination of Azithromycin in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Samples. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147002"}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/15\/10\/676\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T04:25:37Z","timestamp":1760070337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/15\/10\/676"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["bios15100676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios15100676","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]}}}