{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T16:12:26Z","timestamp":1777479146883,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Education and Science","award":["BST-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BST-12"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>YKL-40 is a glycoprotein that may be present at elevated levels in many cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. It has been investigated in numerous studies as a potential biomarker for several conditions, including Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (AD). In this study, a biosensor with Surface Plasmon Resonance imaging (SPRi) detection, sensitive to YKL-40, was constructed for the detection of this analyte in the blood plasma of AD patients. Extensive validation of the biosensor was performed. This included the determination of analytical parameters such as the biosensor\u2019s response characteristics, detection and quantification limits, precision, accuracy, repeatability, selectivity, stability, and performance in natural samples. Validation parameters were primarily tested using standard solutions, while natural samples were employed to evaluate repeatability, stability, and assay accuracy in three groups of samples from different patients. A YKL-40-specific antibody was used as the receptor layer, immobilized on a gold plate using the EDC\/NHS protocol on thiol 11-MUA. The biosensor exhibited a wide operating range (1\u2013200 ng\/mL), a low detection limit (LOD) of 2 pg\/mL, and a quantification limit (LOQ) of 7 pg\/mL. High precision and accuracy were confirmed by the calculated standard deviations (SD) and coefficients of variation (CV), which ranged from 0.0009 to 7.02 ng\/mL and from 0.12% to 9.24%, respectively. The sensor also demonstrated good repeatability (CV = 4.995%) and was capable of detecting the analyte of interest in complex biological matrices. Its applicability was confirmed in a study using plasma from AD patients and two selected control groups: plasma from smokers and patients with prostatitis. This allowed the assessment of YKL-40 levels across different groups. The results were consistent with literature values, and statistical analysis confirmed the significance of concentration differences between groups. Furthermore, ROC curve analysis confirmed the diagnostic usefulness of the constructed YKL-40 test in the context of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15100687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:47:08Z","timestamp":1760104028000},"page":"687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Matrix Optical Biosensor for Determining YKL-40\/CHI3L1\u2014A Biomarker Potentially Associated with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8515-9840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Zielinska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Doctoral School of University of Bia\u0142ystok, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland"},{"name":"Bioanalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulelah","family":"Ba Tarfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio al. 11, Vilnius, 10221 Vilniaus m. sav., Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Gorodkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioanalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3731","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.67587","article-title":"The role of YKL-40 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review","volume":"18","author":"Tizaoui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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