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However, traditional electrodes still encounter limitations such as inadequate mechanical adaptability and reusability. This study proposes a stretchable and transparent electrode (STE) consisting of a conductive paste\/indium tin oxide layer on a polymethyl methacrylate substrate. Leveraging an island\u2013bridge design, the STE renders reliable performance even after being subjected to 1000 cycles of 25% lateral strain and 18% diagonal strain, exhibiting exceptional mechanical flexibility and realizing seamless attachment to soft tissue. Furthermore, optimized conductive paste layer thickness yields a signal-to-noise ratio comparable to commercial electrodes, achieving equivalent performance to Ag\/AgCl electrodes in electroretinogram (ERG), electrooculography (EOG), and visual evoked potential (VEP) acquisition. The STE\u2019s mechanical suitability and inconspicuous features hold significant potential for widespread clinical adoption in ophthalmic diagnostics and personalized eye healthcare, offering improved comfort, reusability, and diagnostic precision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15100701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T11:39:34Z","timestamp":1760701174000},"page":"701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Stretchable and Transparent Electrode for Visual Electrophysiological Acquisition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qiwei","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"},{"name":"Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maowen","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengyao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"},{"name":"Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"},{"name":"Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"659","article-title":"Coming to Our Senses: Incorporating Brain Research Findings into Classroom Instruction","volume":"128","author":"Barbara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Education"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R9","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu124","article-title":"Stem Cells for Investigation and Treatment of Inherited Retinal Disease","volume":"23","author":"Tucker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. 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