{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T13:13:44Z","timestamp":1775567624183,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFE0111500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFE0111500"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82372158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82372158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gyms are indoor environments in which many people perform physical exercise and could potentially increase the risks of bacterial contamination and dissemination. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most prevalent bacteria in community-acquired infections; thus, the rapid detection and continuous monitoring of S. aureus are crucial for evaluating the hygienic status of gym environments. This work describes the fabrication of a nanochain-based biosensor for S. aureus detection using carboxyl-modified polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles functionalized with a specific antibody. When target bacteria bind to the nanochains, they yield distinct color changes which support the directly visualizable analysis of optical images, recorded using optical microscopy or even a smart mobile phone. In addition to high portability, this biosensor is also capable of the quantification and continuous monitoring of the bacterial load in a gym environment over a broad linear range (100 CFU\/mL~105 CFU\/mL), with a detection limit of 1 CFU\/mL. In summary, this study validated the applicability of the biosensors for the rapid detection and real-time monitoring of gym environmental pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15120791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T18:42:02Z","timestamp":1764960122000},"page":"791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Rapid Detection of Staphylococcus aureus from Gym Environments for Health Risk Monitoring Using Printed Nanochains-Based Biosensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Liang","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shidong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhicheng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1252-3212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maolin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences\/Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingqun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences\/Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonggan","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences\/Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Management, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2015.03.007","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus infections: Transmission within households and the community","volume":"23","author":"Knox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70295-4","article-title":"The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"12","author":"Wertheim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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