{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:53:33Z","timestamp":1791582813781,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Collaborative Research Grant program"},{"name":"Global Doctoral Scholarship program of the Universities of St Andrews and Bonn"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["390873048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390873048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000925","name":"John Templeton Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Total joint arthroplasty is among the most common surgical procedures performed worldwide, with frequency increasing due to demographic changes. Accelerating the diagnostic process using new techniques is crucial for effective therapy. This pilot study aims to test such innovative technology in the context of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) using Scattered Light Integrating Collector (SLIC) technology. While we wish to evaluate whether SLIC can be used to reliably detect the status of infection within human tissue samples in the future, our current research focused on building its foundation by evaluating steps of sample preparation that allow for heightened growth depiction. It is, to our knowledge, the first study concerning the usage of solid human tissue samples using the SLIC device. Adult patients presenting with native or periprosthetic joint infections were included in this prospective study. Biopsies were obtained using sequential sampling, and bacterial density was optimized through titration series. Cryopreservation and agents influencing coagulation were investigated. Our study demonstrates that simple pretreatment could aid in detecting pathogen growth in infected tissue samples. Findings showed a clear advantage for no addition of agents affecting coagulation. Additionally, our protocols proved reliable after prolonged cryopreservation at \u221220 \u00b0C for up to 8 weeks, showing no significant difference compared to primary testing. AUC comparison showed comparable results for sample storage at \u221280 \u00b0C for up to 8 weeks. Similar outcomes were seen for samples ranging from 25 \u00b5L to 300 \u00b5L, with biological replicates displaying higher thresholds for larger volumes without significant differences. This study introduces a simple and quick diagnostic tool for detecting bacterial growth using tissue biopsies and develops an SOP for further research with this innovative technique. The suggested SOP enables SLIC to hint at an underlying bacterial infection within 5 h using joint tissue, offering a possible novel approach in diagnosing periprosthetic joint infections and septic arthritis. While not yet designed to compare sensitivity to other culture methods, it provides a solid basis for further clinical research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15120795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T18:42:02Z","timestamp":1764960122000},"page":"795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Novel Approach for Tissue Analysis in Joint Infections Using the Scattered Light Integrating Collector (SLIC)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Elio","family":"Assaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosmea F.","family":"Amerschl\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1590-5802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent B.","family":"Nessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kani","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6636-8065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Ossendorff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5998-0224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"Jaenisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7777-3253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas C.","family":"Strauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3431-4721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christof","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunnar T.","family":"Hischebeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip J.","family":"Walmsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6189-5114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dieter C.","family":"Wirtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3664-3641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J. H.","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9495-706X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damien","family":"Bertheloot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0797-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank A.","family":"Schildberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.09.007","article-title":"Comparison of bacterial growth in sonication fluid cultures with periprosthetic membranes and with cultures of biopsies for diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection","volume":"84","author":"Hischebeth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-018-0622-0","article-title":"Prosthetic Joint Infections: An Update","volume":"20","author":"Abad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"407","article-title":"Hip and knee replacement in Germany and the USA: Analysis of individual inpatient data from German and US hospitals for the years 2005 to 2011","volume":"111","author":"Wengler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2024.01.032","article-title":"Direct Hospital Costs per Case of Periprosthetic Hip and Knee Joint Infections in Europe\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"39","author":"Szymski","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-020-03933-5","article-title":"PJI-TNM als neues Klassifikationssystem f\u00fcr Endoprotheseninfektionen","volume":"50","author":"Rupp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop\u00e4de"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.4.180092","article-title":"Periprosthetic joint infection: Current concepts and outlook","volume":"4","author":"Izakovicova","year":"2019","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iannotti, F., Prati, P., Fidanza, A., Iorio, R., Ferretti, A., P\u00e8rez Prieto, D., Kort, N., Violante, B., Pipino, G., and Schiavone Panni, A. (2020). Prevention of Periprosthetic Joint Infection (PJI): A Clinical Practice Protocol in High-Risk Patients. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5040186"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000000588","article-title":"Peripheral Bacterial Septic Arthritis: Review of Diagnosis and Management","volume":"23","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2011.02.001","article-title":"Septic arthritis","volume":"25","author":"Balsa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.4.527-544.2002","article-title":"Acute septic arthritis","volume":"15","author":"Shirtliff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goh, G.S., and Parvizi, J. (2021). Think Twice before Prescribing Antibiotics for That Swollen Knee: The Influence of Antibiotics on the Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infection. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020114"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darwich, A., Dally, F.J., Abu Olba, K., Mohs, E., Gravius, S., Hetjens, S., Assaf, E., and Bdeir, M. (2021). Superinfection with Difficult-to-Treat Pathogens Significantly Reduces the Outcome of Periprosthetic Joint Infections. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10101145"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-018-2886-0","article-title":"Outcome of hip and knee periprosthetic joint infections caused by pathogens resistant to biofilm-active antibiotics: Results from a prospective cohort study","volume":"138","author":"Perka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2019.1682658","article-title":"Rapid detection of antibiotic resistance in positive blood cultures by MALDI-TOF MS and an automated and optimized MBT-ASTRA protocol for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"52","author":"Axelsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammond, R.J.H., Falconer, K., Powell, T., Bowness, R., and Gillespie, S.H. (2022). A simple label-free method reveals bacterial growth dynamics and antibiotic action in real-time. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22671-6"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-785220212905241752","article-title":"ANALYSIS OF TISSUE BIOPSY AND JOINT ASPIRATION IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PERIPROSTHETIC HIP INFECTIONS: CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY","volume":"29","author":"Andreolla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ortop. Bras."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.03.085","article-title":"Microbiological diagnosis of polymicrobial periprosthetic joint infection revealed superiority of investigated tissue samples compared to sonicate fluid generated from the implant surface","volume":"106","author":"Rieber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-019-4263-9","article-title":"Consensus document for the diagnosis of prosthetic joint infections: A joint paper by the EANM, EBJIS, and ESR (with ESCMID endorsement)","volume":"46","author":"Signore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.103B1.BJJ-2020-1381.R1","article-title":"The EBJIS definition of periprosthetic joint infection","volume":"103-b","author":"McNally","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.56.10.622","article-title":"Comparison of manual and automated cell counts in EDTA preserved synovial fluids. Storage has little influence on the results","volume":"56","author":"Salinas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02482-12","article-title":"Sonication versus vortexing of implants for diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection","volume":"51","author":"Portillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.102.BJR-2020-0104.R3","article-title":"Effects of different tissue specimen pretreatment methods on microbial culture results in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection","volume":"10","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Jt. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandakhalikar, K.D., Rahmat, J.N., Chiong, E., Neoh, K.G., Shen, L., and Tambyah, P.A. (2018). Extraction and quantification of biofilm bacteria: Method optimized for urinary catheters. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26342-3"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7619","DOI":"10.4076\/1757-1626-2-7619","article-title":"Contamination of histology biopsy specimen\u2014A potential source of error for surgeons: A case report","volume":"2","author":"Burke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cases J."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Pawliszyn, J. (2012). 3.05\u2014Blood Sample Collection and Handling. Comprehensive Sampling and Sample Preparation, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-022-09751-w","article-title":"Diagnosing Periprosthetic Joint Infection: A Scoping Review","volume":"15","author":"Gazendam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s42836-023-00199-y","article-title":"Joint aspiration for diagnosis of chronic periprosthetic joint infection: When, how, and what tests?","volume":"5","author":"Quinlan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthroplasty"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Beutler, E., Gelbart, T., and Kuhl, W. (1990). Interference of heparin with the polymerase chain reaction. Biotechniques, 9."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.026013","article-title":"EDTA Is a Better Anticoagulant than Heparin or Citrate for Delayed Blood Processing for Plasma DNA Analysis","volume":"50","author":"Lam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jazmati, N., Liebold, C., Offerhaus, C., Volkenand, A., Grote, S., P\u00f6psel, J., K\u00f6rber-Irrgang, B., Hoppe, T., and Wisplinghoff, H. (2024). Rapid high-throughput processing of tissue samples for microbiological diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infections using bead-beating homogenization. J. Clin. Microbiol., 62.","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01486-23"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3406-4","article-title":"Comparison of different human tissue processing methods for maximization of bacterial recovery","volume":"38","author":"Askar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2009.06.004","article-title":"Hypothermic organ preservation by static storage methods: Current status and a view to the future","volume":"60","author":"McAnulty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, N.D.S., De Melo, B.S.T., Oliva, A., and de Ara\u00fajo, P.S.R. (2024). Sonication protocols and their contributions to the microbiological diagnosis of implant-associated infections: A review of the current scenario. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1398461"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-020-02856-3","article-title":"Direct detection of microorganisms in sonicated orthopedic devices after in vitro biofilm production and different processing conditions","volume":"31","author":"Cieslinski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertheloot, D., Nessler, V.B., Assaf, E., Amerschlager, C.F., Ali, K., Ossendorff, R., Jaenisch, M., Strauss, A.C., Burger, C., and Walmsley, P.J. (2025). Novel Method for the Rapid Establishment of Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles in Bacterial Strains Linked to Musculoskeletal Infections Using Scattered Light Integrated Collector Technology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041553"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, L., Hammond, R., Shorten, R.J., and Derrick, J.P. (2024). An investigation of scattered light integrating collector technology for rapid blood culture sensitivity testing. J. Med. Microbiol., 73.","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001896"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2014.0577","article-title":"EDTA: An Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Agent for Use in Wound Care","volume":"4","author":"Finnegan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2004411","article-title":"Optimal storage conditions for highly dilute DNA samples: A role for trehalose as a preserving agent","volume":"50","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s13127-010-0012-4","article-title":"A hands-on overview of tissue preservation methods for molecular genetic analyses","volume":"10","author":"Nagy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Org. Divers. Evol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Cauter, M., Cornu, O., Yombi, J.C., Rodriguez-Villalobos, H., and Kaminski, L. (2018). The effect of storage delay and storage temperature on orthopaedic surgical samples contaminated by Staphylococcus Epidermidis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192048"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s41512-023-00153-1","article-title":"Sample size determination for point-of-care COVID-19 diagnostic tests: A Bayesian approach","volume":"7","author":"Williamson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagn. Progn. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2015-0082-OA","article-title":"DNA Yield From Tissue Samples in Surgical Pathology and Minimum Tissue Requirements for Molecular Testing","volume":"140","author":"Austin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cazares, L.H., Van Tongeren, S.A., Costantino, J., Kenny, T., Garza, N.L., Donnelly, G., Lane, D., Panchal, R.G., and Bavari, S. (2015). Heat fixation inactivates viral and bacterial pathogens and is compatible with downstream MALDI mass spectrometry tissue imaging. BMC Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0431-7"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-4-6","article-title":"Theory of sampling and its application in tissue based diagnosis","volume":"4","author":"Kayser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-019-04426-7","article-title":"Twenty common errors in the diagnosis and treatment of periprosthetic joint infection","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portillo, M.E., and Sancho, I. (2023). Advances in the Microbiological Diagnosis of Prosthetic Joint Infections. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13040809"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"43","article-title":"Serum biomarkers in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection: Consolidated evidence and recent developments","volume":"23","author":"Vicenti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgenstern, C., Renz, N., Cabric, S., Maiolo, E., Perka, C., and Trampuz, A. (2020). Thermogenic diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection by microcalorimetry of synovial fluid. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03366-3"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2019.02.009","article-title":"Synovial Fluid Viscosity Test is Promising for the Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infection","volume":"34","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spagnolo, S., Davoudian, K., De La Franier, B., Hianik, T., and Thompson, M. (2023). Staphylococcus aureus Detection in Milk Using a Thickness Shear Mode Acoustic Aptasensor with an Antifouling Probe Linker. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13060614"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Bhat, A., O\u2019Connor, C., Curtin, J., Singh, B., and Tian, F. (2024). Review of Detection Limits for Various Techniques for Bacterial Detection in Food Samples. Nanomaterials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14100855"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Lu, F., Wang, Y., Ji, J., Xu, Y., Huang, Y., Zhang, M., Li, M., Xia, J., and Wang, B. (2023). Methodological comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid-based detection of respiratory pathogens in diagnosis of bacterium\/fungus-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1168812"}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/15\/12\/795\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T05:14:35Z","timestamp":1764998075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/15\/12\/795"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["bios15120795"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios15120795","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]}}}