{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T02:37:00Z","timestamp":1792463820880,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: PTSD diagnosis is challenging. Symptoms overlap with depression and panic attacks. This causes misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. Current methods lack objective biomarkers. This study presents a hybrid AI framework. It combines CNNs and SVMs. The system detects PTSD from ECG signals. Methods: ECG data from 79 participants were analyzed. Four groups were included. PTSD patients numbered 20. Depression patients numbered 20. Panic attack patients numbered 19. Healthy controls numbered 20. Wavelet transform created scalograms. Three CNN models were tested. AlexNet, GoogLeNet, and ResNet50 were used. Deep features were extracted. SVMs classified the features. Five-fold validation was performed. Statistical tests confirmed significance. Results: Hybrid models performed robustly. ResNet50 + SVM and AlexNet + SVM achieved statistically equivalent results with accuracies of 97.05% and 97.26%, respectively. AUC reached 1.00 for multi-class tasks. PTSD detection was highly accurate. The system distinguished PTSD from other disorders. Hybrid models beat standalone CNNs. SVM integration improved results significantly. Conclusions: This is the first ECG-based AI for PTSD diagnosis. The hybrid approach achieves clinical-level accuracy. PTSD is distinguished from depression and panic attacks. Objective biomarkers support psychiatric assessment. Early intervention becomes possible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16010052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T08:20:37Z","timestamp":1768206037000},"page":"52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Hybrid CNN-SVM Approach for ECG-Based Multi-Class Differential Diagnosis of PTSD, Depression, and Panic Attack"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2268-7876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parisa","family":"Ebrahimpour Moghaddam Tasouj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Device Technology, Vocational School of Health Services, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara 06050, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1397-8564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00f6khan","family":"Soysal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara 06830, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4640-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osman","family":"Ero\u011ful","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara 06510, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7709-2837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinan","family":"Yetkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Ankara G\u00fclhane Health Application and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06010, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2022). 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