{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:26:20Z","timestamp":1791584780537,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by persistent memory impairment and complex molecular and cellular pathological changes in the brain. Current treatments, including acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, only help with symptoms for a short time and do not stop the disease from getting worse. This is mainly because these drugs do not reach the brain well and are quickly removed from the body. The blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) restricts the entry of most drugs into the central nervous system; therefore, new methods of drug delivery are needed. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems (NTDDS) are widely studied as a potential approach to address existing therapeutic limitations. Smart biosensing nanoparticles composed of polymers, lipids, and metals can be engineered to enhance drug stability, improve drug availability, and target specific brain regions. These smart nanoparticles can cross the BBB via receptor-mediated transcytosis and other transport routes, making them a promising option for treating AD. Additionally, multifunctional nanocarriers enable controlled drug release and offer theranostic capabilities, supporting real-time tracking of AD treatment responses to facilitate more precise and personalized interventions. Despite these advantages, challenges related to long-term safety, manufacturing scalability, and regulatory approval remain. This review discusses current AD therapies, drug-delivery strategies, recent advances in nanoparticle platforms, and prospects for translating nanomedicine into effective, disease-modifying treatments for AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16010066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:31:46Z","timestamp":1769009506000},"page":"66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Smart Biosensing Nanomaterials for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Advances in Design and Drug Delivery Strategies to Overcome the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4352-6630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manickam","family":"Rajkumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"Center for Cancer Research, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4953-1131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Furong","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Nanolab Research Centre, Physical to Life Sciences Research Hub, Technological University Dublin, Camden Row, D08 CKP1 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9566-1498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilal","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Nanolab Research Centre, Physical to Life Sciences Research Hub, Technological University Dublin, Camden Row, D08 CKP1 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8242-4541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhupendra G.","family":"Prajapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Parul University, Waghodia, Vadodara 391760, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0801-0441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paramasivam","family":"Deepak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, School of Biological and Forensic Sciences, Kristu Jayanti University, Bengaluru 560077, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1554-5241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koyeli","family":"Girigoswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7955-3593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natchimuthu","family":"Karmegam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636007, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sighencea, M.G., Popescu, R.\u0218., and Trifu, S.C. 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