{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:45:47Z","timestamp":1792122347161,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Taste masking in pharmaceutical products is a complex and subjective process that requires reliable evaluation methods. This review focuses on the electronic tongue (e-tongue), an emerging sensor-based technology designed to mimic human taste perception without the need for human panels. E-tongue systems provide objective data to support the development of palatable formulations. In this review, we discuss the principles, types of e-tongue devices, data processing approaches, and their applications in pharmaceutical research. By comparing e-tongue performance with human taste assessment, we highlight its potential as a complementary tool to traditional in vitro assays, accelerating formulation development and improving patient adherence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16020084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T14:35:46Z","timestamp":1769783746000},"page":"84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Electrochemical Sensors as a Tool for Taste Perception in Pharmaceutical Products: Advances and Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4313-6509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Luz Melo","family":"Gongoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovatech Laboratory, Ach\u00e9 Laborat\u00f3rios Farmac\u00eauticos, Rodovia Presidente Dutra\u2014Porto da Igreja, Guarulhos 07034-904, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3099-396X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilia","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovatech Laboratory, Ach\u00e9 Laborat\u00f3rios Farmac\u00eauticos, Rodovia Presidente Dutra\u2014Porto da Igreja, Guarulhos 07034-904, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9233-0696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hatylas","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovatech Laboratory, Ach\u00e9 Laborat\u00f3rios Farmac\u00eauticos, Rodovia Presidente Dutra\u2014Porto da Igreja, Guarulhos 07034-904, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4714-7520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarete Moreno","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovatech Laboratory, Ach\u00e9 Laborat\u00f3rios Farmac\u00eauticos, Rodovia Presidente Dutra\u2014Porto da Igreja, Guarulhos 07034-904, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-023-04381-z","article-title":"Electronic Nose and Its Application in the Food Industry: A Review","volume":"250","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-021-00322-9","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Projected Global Food Demand and Population at Risk of Hunger for the Period 2010\u20132050","volume":"2","author":"Morley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2016.05.014","article-title":"Non-Human Tools for the Evaluation of Bitter Taste in the Design and Development of Medicines: A Systematic Review","volume":"21","author":"Soto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-014-0297-2","article-title":"Patient-Centred Pharmaceutical Design to Improve Acceptability of Medicines: Similarities and Differences in Paediatric and Geriatric Populations","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.03.016","article-title":"Stereolithographic (SLA) 3D Printing of Oral Modified-Release Dosage Forms","volume":"503","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drumond, N., and Stegemann, S. (2020). Better Medicines for Older Patients: Considerations between Patient Characteristics and Solid Oral Dosage Form Designs to Improve Swallowing Experience. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13010032"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122571","article-title":"A Review on Taste Masked Multiparticulate Dosage Forms for Paediatric","volume":"632","author":"Mahmood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3225","article-title":"Pediatric Drug Formulations: A Review of Challenges and Progress","volume":"134","author":"Ivanovska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook, C.E., Bailliard, A., Bent, J.A., Bialosky, J.E., Carlino, E., Colloca, L., Esteves, J.E., Newell, D., Palese, A., and Reed, W.R. (2023). An International Consensus Definition for Contextual Factors: Findings from a Nominal Group Technique. Front. Psychol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1178560"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo, O., von Ungern-Sternberg, B.S., and Lim, L.Y. (2023). Paediatric Medicinal Formulation Development: Utilising Human Taste Panels and Incorporating Their Data into Machine Learning Training. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15082112"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira, J., Aryal, J., Guidry, L., Adhikari, A., Chen, Y., Sriwattana, S., and Prinyawiwatkul, W. (2024). Tea Quality: An Overview of the Analytical Methods and Sensory Analyses Used in the Most Recent Studies. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13223580"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tibaduiza, D., Anaya, M., G\u00f3mez, J., Sarmiento, J., Perez, M., Lara, C., Ruiz, J., Osorio, N., Rodriguez, K., and Hernandez, I. (2024). Electronic Tongues and Noses: A General Overview. Biosensors, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14040190"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1964.tb01746.x","article-title":"An Electronic Analog for the Olfactory Processesa","volume":"29","author":"Wilkens","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200577111965","article-title":"Nonspecific Sensor Arrays (\u201celectronic Tongue\u201d) for Chemical Analysis of Liquids: (IUPAC Technical Report)","volume":"77","author":"Vlasov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0928-4931(96)00134-8","article-title":"Taste Sensor with Global Selectivity","volume":"4","author":"Toko","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2023). Brief: How Does the Tongue Work?, Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG)."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2013.217","article-title":"Human Biology of Taste","volume":"33","author":"Gravina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2024, October 31). Abbildungen Der Menschlichen Organe Des Geruches\u2014Samuel Thomas von Soemmerring\u2014Google Livros. Available online: https:\/\/books.google.com.br\/books?hl=pt-BR&lr=&id=NEls6LzwpygC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&ots=AyOasN65Df&sig=ASRyeKyzj6Uik108i4h3k6JCSw4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63855-7.00010-1","article-title":"Anatomy and Development of the Human Taste System","volume":"164","author":"Witt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2024, October 31). Fungiform Papillae|Complete Anatomy. Available online: https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/resources\/anatomy\/tongue\/lingual-papillae\/fungiform-papillae\/16001."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2024, October 31). Filiform Papillae|Complete Anatomy. Available online: https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/resources\/anatomy\/tongue\/lingual-papillae\/filiform-papillae\/16127."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2024, October 31). Foliate Papillae|Complete Anatomy. Available online: https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/resources\/anatomy\/tongue\/lingual-papillae\/foliate-papillae\/15095."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moini, J., LoGalbo, A., and Ahangari, R. (2024). The Senses of Smell, Taste, and Touch. Foundations of the Mind, Brain, and Behavioral Relationships, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-95975-9.00005-6"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandenbeuch, A., Clapp, T.R., and Kinnamon, S.C. (2008). Amiloride-Sensitive Channels in Type I Fungiform Taste Cells in Mouse. BMC Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-9-1"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puri, S., and Lee, Y. (2021). Salt Sensation and Regulation. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11030175"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"39","article-title":"Bitter Taste Receptors as Sensors of Gut Luminal Contents","volume":"2024","author":"Sternini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411000110020501","article-title":"Role of Saliva in the Maintenance of Taste Sensitivity","volume":"11","author":"Motsuo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjp092","article-title":"The Molecular Receptive Ranges of Human TAS2R Bitter Taste Receptors","volume":"35","author":"Meyerhof","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doty, R.L., and Bromley, S.M. (2014). Taste. Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385157-4.00073-7"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2025, May 29). What Are the Five Basic Tastes?|Everything about Umami|Umami|The Ajinomoto Group Global Website\u2014Eat Well, Live Well. Available online: https:\/\/www.ajinomoto.com\/umami\/why-is-umami-important-to-us."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.107875","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Relationship between Taste and Personality Traits: Phenomena and Possible Mechanisms","volume":"207","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.11.011","article-title":"Retronasal Odor Perception Requires Taste Cortex, but Orthonasal Does Not","volume":"29","author":"Blankenship","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mennella, J.A., Bobowski, N., and Liem, D.G. (2017). Taste and Smell. Swaiman\u2019s Pediatric Neurology: Principles and Practice, Elsevier. [6th ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-37101-8.00009-6"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2022.116874","article-title":"Taste Sensor with Multiarray Lipid\/Polymer Membranes","volume":"158","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-021-03041-9","article-title":"Taste Masking Study Based on an Electronic Tongue: The Formulation Design of 3D Printed Levetiracetam Instant-Dissolving Tablets","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munekata, P.E.S., Finardi, S., de Souza, C.K., Meinert, C., Pateiro, M., Hoffmann, T.G., Dom\u00ednguez, R., Bertoli, S.L., Kumar, M., and Lorenzo, J.M. (2023). Applications of Electronic Nose, Electronic Eye and Electronic Tongue in Quality, Safety and Shelf Life of Meat and Meat Products: A Review. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020672"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02478259","article-title":"A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity","volume":"5","author":"McCulloch","year":"1943","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"335","article-title":"Investigations of an Objective Method Possibly Usable in the Rapid Estimation of Flavors in Vegetables","volume":"64","author":"Hartman","year":"1954","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"130","article-title":"An Apparatus Designed for the Rapid Electro Chemical Estimation of Flavors in Vegetables","volume":"11","author":"Hartman","year":"1957","journal-title":"Food Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/299352a0","article-title":"Analysis of Discrimination Mechanisms in the Mammalian Olfactory System Using a Model Nose","volume":"299","author":"Persaud","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(90)85006-K","article-title":"Multichannel Taste Sensor Using Lipid Membranes","volume":"2","author":"Hayashi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2025, July 28). About Us-Insent|Intelligent Sensor Technology, Inc. Available online: https:\/\/www.insentjp.com\/about-us\/."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(99)00324-X","article-title":"Application of Electronic Tongue for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Complex Liquid Media","volume":"65","author":"Legin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(97)00498-4","article-title":"An Electronic Tongue Based on Voltammetry","volume":"357","author":"Winquist","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2025, May 29). Apparatus and Method for Characterizing Liquids. Available online: https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/WO1998039648A1\/en."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2025, July 28). Alpha MOS: Reinventing Senses|Growfers. Available online: https:\/\/growfers.com\/story\/alphamos\/."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-4040.93556","article-title":"Electronic Tongue: An Analytical Gustatory Tool","volume":"3","author":"Latha","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s002160050875","article-title":"Non-Selective Chemical Sensors in Analytical Chemistry: From \u201cElectronic Nose\u201d to \u201cElectronic Tongue\u201d","volume":"361","author":"Vlasov","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fresenius J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(95)85016-3","article-title":"Study of Astringency and Pungency with Multichannel Taste Sensor Made of Lipid Membranes","volume":"24","author":"Iiyama","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"2709","article-title":"Effect of Bitter Substances on a Model Membrane System of Taste Reception","volume":"50","author":"Iiyama","year":"1986","journal-title":"Agric. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3746\/pnf.2022.27.4.354","article-title":"Recent Applications of Potentiometric Electronic Tongue and Electronic Nose in Sensory Evaluation","volume":"27","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-5663(94)80036-7","article-title":"Multichannel Taste Sensor Using Electric Potential Changes in Lipid Membranes","volume":"9","author":"Toko","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.3390\/s100403411","article-title":"Advanced Taste Sensors Based on Artificial Lipids with Global Selectivity to Basic Taste Qualities and High Correlation to Sensory Scores","volume":"10","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, G., Xiao, Y., Wang, M., and Zhang, H. (2018). Detection of Bitterness and Astringency of Green Tea with Different Taste by Electronic Nose and Tongue. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206517"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13820","article-title":"Discriminating Aging and Protein-to-Fat Ratio in Cheddar Cheese Using Sensory Analysis and a Potentiometric Electronic Tongue","volume":"101","author":"Lipkowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2019.03.019","article-title":"Changes in Microbial Composition on the Crust by Different Air Flow Velocities and Their Effect on Sensory Properties of Dry-Aged Beef","volume":"153","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-007-0929-2","article-title":"Voltammetric Electronic Tongues-Basic Principles and Applications","volume":"163","author":"Winquist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2013.02.007","article-title":"The Evaluation of Sugar Content and Firmness of Non-Climacteric Pears Based on Voltammetric Electronic Tongue","volume":"117","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-R\u00e0fols, C., Serrano, N., Ari\u00f1o, C., Esteban, M., and D\u00edaz-Cruz, J.M. (2019). Voltammetric Electronic Tongues in Food Analysis. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194261"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2023.105535","article-title":"Exploration of an Impedimetric Electronic Tongue and Chemometrics for Characterization of Black Tea from Different Origins","volume":"123","author":"Raj","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimizu, F., Braunger, M., and Riul, A. (2021). Electronic Tongues-Fundamentals and Recent Advances. Electronic Tongues, IOP Publishing.","DOI":"10.1088\/978-0-7503-3687-1"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, L.G., Meirinho, S.G., Veloso, A.C.A., Rodrigues, L.R., and Peres, A.M. (2017). Electronic Tongues and Aptasensors. Bioinspired Materials for Medical Applications, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100741-9.00013-9"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.7b00361","article-title":"A Practical Beginner\u2019s Guide to Cyclic Voltammetry","volume":"95","author":"Elgrishi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2025.100792","article-title":"Green Voltammetric Strategy for Sensitive Determination of Paracetamol in Pharmaceuticals and Serum Using Alizarin Red S-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes","volume":"48","author":"Girum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. Biosensing Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822548-6.00032-7","article-title":"Chemical Sensors: Voltammetric and Amperometric Electrochemical Sensors","volume":"Volume 1\u20134","author":"Ghanam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Sensors and Biosensors"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2021.115298","article-title":"Use of Reduced Graphene Oxide for Sensitive Determination of Sulfanilamide in Synthetic Biological Fluids and Environmental Samples by Batch Injection Analysis","volume":"892","author":"Lisboa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmeasuresciau.2c00070","article-title":"Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy\u2014A Tutorial","volume":"3","author":"Lazanas","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Meas. Sci. Au"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19378","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA03959J","article-title":"Iron Oxide@mesoporous Carbon Architectures Derived from an Fe(II)-Based Metal Organic Framework for Highly Sensitive Oxytetracycline Determination","volume":"5","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A Mater."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201000013","article-title":"Electronic Tongues Employing Electrochemical Sensors","volume":"22","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2024, November 02). Taste Analysis-ASTREE Electronic Tongue|Alpha-Mos.Com. Available online: https:\/\/www.alpha-mos.com\/taste-analysis-astree-electronic-tongue."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2025, May 29). Insent|Intelligent Sensor Technology, Inc. Available online: https:\/\/www.insentjp.com\/."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1126\/science.175.4023.720","article-title":"The Fluid Mosaic Model of the Structure of Cell Membranes","volume":"175","author":"Singer","year":"1972","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.19R008","article-title":"Taste Sensor: Electronic Tongue with Lipid Membranes","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podrazka, M., B\u00e1czy\u0144ska, E., Kundys, M., Jele\u0144, P.S., and Nery, E.W. (2017). Electronic Tongue\u2014A Tool for All Tastes?. Biosensors, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios8010003"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.S., Kyu Kim, S., and Kim, M. (2009). Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor for Biological Sensing. Sensors, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/s90907111"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puppo, F., Carrara, S., and De Micheli, G. (2018). Silicon Nanowires for Biosensing. Encyclopedia of Interfacial Chemistry: Surface Science and Electrochemistry, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-409547-2.13479-1"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.11.028","article-title":"Taste Sensing Systems (Electronic Tongues) for Pharmaceutical Applications","volume":"417","author":"Woertz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.123327","article-title":"Using Machine Learning and an Electronic Tongue for Discriminating Saliva Samples from Oral Cavity Cancer Patients and Healthy Individuals","volume":"243","author":"Braz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.8b00056","article-title":"Monitoring the Surface Chemistry of Functionalized Nanomaterials with a Microfluidic Electronic Tongue","volume":"3","author":"Shimizu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2010.08.006","article-title":"Electronic Tongue for the Detection of Taste-Masking Microencapsulation of Active Pharmaceutical Substances","volume":"80","author":"Sollohub","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2020.113457","article-title":"Distinguishing Paracetamol Formulations: Comparison of Potentiometric \u201cElectronic Tongue\u201d with Established Analytical Techniques","volume":"188","author":"Belugina","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.3390\/s6101333","article-title":"Development of Multichannel Artificial Lipid-Polymer Membrane Sensor for Phytomedicine Application","volume":"6","author":"Ahmad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.04.139","article-title":"Mimetic Biosensors Composed by Layer-by-Layer Films of Phospholipid, Phthalocyanine and Silver Nanoparticles to Polyphenol Detection","volume":"233","author":"Alessio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113807","article-title":"A Novel Electronic Tongue Using Electropolymerized Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Simultaneous Determination of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients","volume":"198","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2011.02.002","article-title":"A Comparative Study on Two Electronic Tongues for Pharmaceutical Formulation Development","volume":"55","author":"Woertz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steiner, D., Meyer, A., Immohr, L.I., and Pein-Hackelbusch, M. (2024). Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16050658"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2016.12.028","article-title":"Critical View on Drug Dissolution in Artificial Saliva: A Possible Use of in-Line e-Tongue Measurements","volume":"99","author":"Khaydukova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.12.024","article-title":"Analysis of Tomato Taste Using Two Types of Electronic Tongues","volume":"131","author":"Beullens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-019-03364-3","article-title":"A Multipronged Flavor Comparison of Ecuadorian CCN51 and Nacional Cocoa Cultivars","volume":"245","author":"Rottiers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, C., Li, Y., Zhou, J., Yu, X., Zhang, D., Chen, Y., Ni, D., and Yu, Z. (2022). Study on the Suitability of Tea Cultivars for Processing Oolong Tea from the Perspective of Aroma Based on Olfactory Sensory, Electronic Nose, and GC-MS Data Correlation Analysis. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11182880"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-M\u00e9ndez, M.L., De Saja, J.A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Ant\u00f3n, R., Garc\u00eda-Hern\u00e1ndez, C., Medina-Plaza, C., Garc\u00eda-Cabez\u00f3n, C., and Mart\u00edn-Pedrosa, F. (2016). Electronic Noses and Tongues in Wine Industry. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2016.00081"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2022.112150","article-title":"A Data Processing Method for Electronic Tongue Based on Computational Model of Taste Pathways and Convolutional Neural Network","volume":"205","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2014.884122","article-title":"Design, Development and in-Vitro Evaluation of Diclofenac Taste-Masked Orodispersible Tablet Formulations","volume":"41","author":"Guhmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2017.03.042","article-title":"Host-Guest Kinetic Interactions between HP-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin and Drugs for Prediction of Bitter Taste Masking","volume":"140","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-023-02592-x","article-title":"Development of Child-Friendly Lisdexamfetamine Chewable Tablets Using Ion Exchange Resin as a Taste-Masking Carrier Based on the Concept of Quality by Design (QbD)","volume":"24","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5135","DOI":"10.1039\/C8AY01389F","article-title":"Forensics in Hand: New Trends in Forensic Devices (2013\u20132017)","volume":"10","author":"Rocha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"104","article-title":"Applications of Electronic Nose (e-Nose) and Electronic Tongue (e-Tongue) in Food Quality-Related Properties Determination: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Agric."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015aliwinska, M., Wi\u015bniewska, P., Dymerski, T., Wardencki, W., and Namie\u015bnik, J. (2016). Advances in Electronic Noses and Tongues for Food Authenticity Testing. Advances in Food Authenticity Testing, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100220-9.00008-4"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"(2025, May 29). Thiago Paix\u00e3o Apresenta\u00e7\u00e3o Thiago Paix\u00e3o CNPEM. Available online: https:\/\/pages.cnpem.br\/workshopmicrofluidica\/downloads\/."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., and Liu, Y. (2019). Electronic Tongue for Food Sensory Evaluation. Evaluation Technologies for Food Quality, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814217-2.00003-2"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., and Friedman, J. (2009). The Elements of Statistical Learning, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-84858-7"},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"UCLA (2025, May 29). An Introduction to Partial Least Squares Regression. Available online: https:\/\/stats.oarc.ucla.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/pls.pdf."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"(2025, November 06). O Que \u00e9 KNN (k-Nearest Neighbors)? . Available online: https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/br-pt\/think\/topics\/knn."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2023.341304","article-title":"Class Modelling by Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy: Why, When, How? A Tutorial","volume":"1270","author":"Vitale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"(2025, May 29). Additional File 2: Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Clustering. Available online: https:\/\/inserm.hal.science\/inserm-00809310\/file\/1475-9276-12-21-S2.PDF."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, M.J. (2005). Chemometrics and Statistics|Multivariate Classification Techniques. Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, Elsevier. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-369397-7\/00076-5"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"2579","article-title":"Visualizing Data Using T-SNE","volume":"9","author":"Hinton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.23915\/distill.00002","article-title":"How to Use T-SNE Effectively","volume":"1","author":"Wattenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Distill"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08003-w","article-title":"Robust Chemical Analysis with Graphene Chemosensors and Machine Learning","volume":"634","author":"Pannone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanaraj, R., IP, B., Mayakrishnan, G., Kim, I.S., and Kim, S.-C. (2025). A Systematic Review of the Applications of Electronic Nose and Electronic Tongue in Food Quality Assessment and Safety. Chemosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors13050161"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"1","article-title":"Electronic Nose and Electronic Tongue in Food Production and Processing","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stewart Postharvest Rev."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osm\u00f3lska, E., Stoma, M., and Starek-W\u00f3jcicka, A. (2023). Juice Quality Evaluation with Multisensor Systems\u2014A Review. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23104824"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.08.042","article-title":"Rational Development of Taste Masked Oral Liquids Guided by an Electronic Tongue","volume":"400","author":"Woertz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2012.02.038","article-title":"Evaluating the Taste Masking Effectiveness of Various Flavors in a Stable Formulated Pediatric Suspension and Solution Using the AstreeTM Electronic Tongue","volume":"224","author":"Campbell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-302398","article-title":"Developing a New Formulation of Sodium Phenylbutyrate","volume":"97","author":"Guffon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.05.007","article-title":"Optimization of a Novel Wax Matrix System Using Aminoalkyl Methacrylate Copolymer E and Ethylcellulose to Suppress the Bitter Taste of Acetaminophen","volume":"395","author":"Shiino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(03)00408-2","article-title":"Use of an Electronic Tongue and HPLC with Electrochemical Detection to Differentiate Molds in Culture Media","volume":"97","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, J., Wei, J., Liu, Y., Li, C., Ma, C., and Kang, W. (2024). Application of Electronic Tongue and HPLC in Rapid Determination of Functional Triterpenes and Origins of Ganoderma Lucidum. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1446956"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"479","article-title":"Usefulness and Limitations of Taste Sensors in the Evaluation of Palatability and Taste-Masking in Oral Dosage Forms","volume":"11","author":"Haraguchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.54.1072","article-title":"Evaluation of the Disintegration Properties of Commercial Famotidine 20 Mg Orally Disintegrating Tablets Using a Simple New Test and Human Sensory Test","volume":"54","author":"Harada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/S1773-2247(14)50137-2","article-title":"Evaluation of Ebastine-Loaded Orally Disintegrating Tablets Using New Apparatus of Detecting Disintegration Time and e-Tongue System","volume":"24","author":"Haraguchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"226","article-title":"Prediction of Apparent Viscosity of Milk with Different Volume Fraction Using Electronic Tongue","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19175","DOI":"10.1590\/s2175-97902021000419175","article-title":"Captopril Oral Solution for Pediatric Use: Formulation, Stability Study and Palatability Assessment in Vivo","volume":"58","author":"Dysarz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmer, R.K., Long, D., Brennan, F., Buber, T., Bryant, R., and Salemme, F.R. (2013). A High Throughput In Vivo Assay for Taste Quality and Palatability. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072391"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(95)80013-X","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Gustatory Transductions in Frog Taste Cells","volume":"46","author":"Sato","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(94)90357-3","article-title":"Receptor Potential of the Frog Taste Cell in Response to Bitter Stimuli","volume":"56","author":"Sato","year":"1994","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.01.036","article-title":"Taste-Masking Assessment of Solid Oral Dosage Forms\u2014A Critical Review","volume":"465","author":"Pein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762010000200022","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Experimental Models for Drug Screening and Development for Chagas Disease","volume":"105","author":"Romanha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.02.041","article-title":"In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Natural Products: A Challenge for Their Valuation. The Case Study of Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.)","volume":"40","author":"Petronilho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113036","article-title":"Classification-Based Machine Learning Approaches to Predict the Taste of Molecules: A Review","volume":"171","author":"Rojas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"(2025, May 31). BitterDB. Available online: https:\/\/bitterdb.agri.huji.ac.il\/dbbitter.php."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12074","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12359-7","article-title":"Bitter or Not? BitterPredict, a Tool for Predicting Taste from Chemical Structure","volume":"7","author":"Nissim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43664-y","article-title":"BitterSweet: Building Machine Learning Models for Predicting the Bitter and Sweet Taste of Small Molecules","volume":"9","author":"Tuwani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"(2025, May 29). GitHub-Cosylabiiit\/Bittersweet. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/cosylabiiit\/bittersweet."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1210","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx957","article-title":"FlavorDB: A Database of Flavor Molecules","volume":"46","author":"Garg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.58.885","article-title":"Development of a New Disintegration Method for Orally Disintegrating Tablets","volume":"58","author":"Kakutani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S1773-2247(10)50062-5","article-title":"Effect of Physical Properties of Orally Disintegrating Tablets on Disintegration Time as Determined by a New Apparatus","volume":"20","author":"Harada","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.c13-00441","article-title":"Development of a Novel and Simple Method to Evaluate Disintegration of Rapidly Disintegrating Tablets","volume":"61","author":"Hoashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.4236\/pp.2021.1212024","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Orally Fast-Disintegrating Mini-Tablets Containing Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride and Aspartic or Glutamic Acid as an Umami Amino Acid","volume":"12","author":"Ohkawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2018.12.002","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of the Taste-Masking Efficiency of Amberlite IRP88 as Drug Carries in Chewable Tablets","volume":"49","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.12.015","article-title":"A Review of in Vitro and in Vivo Methods and Their Correlations to Assess Mouthfeel of Solid Oral Dosage Forms","volume":"26","author":"Asiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-50532011001000019","article-title":"Evaluation of Turbidimetric and Nephelometric Techniques for Analytical Determination of N-Acetylcysteine and Thiamine in Pharmaceutical Formulations Employing a Lab-Made Portable Microcontrolled Turbidimeter and Nephelometer","volume":"22","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1985.tb04964.x","article-title":"Gloss Measurement on Film Coated Tablets","volume":"37","author":"Rowe","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121672","article-title":"Updated Experimental Cellular Models to Study Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome","volume":"322","author":"Sudhakaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-088504-9.00229-4","article-title":"Metabolic Engineering","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Wuest","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comprehensive Biotechnology"},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"(2025, August 04). SGLT-1 Inibidores|SCBT-Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Available online: https:\/\/www.scbt.com\/pt\/browse\/sglt-1-inhibitors."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beltr\u00e1n, L.R., Sterneder, S., Hasural, A., Paetz, S., Hans, J., Ley, J.P., and Somoza, V. (2022). Reducing the Bitter Taste of Pharmaceuticals Using Cell-Based Identification of Bitter-Masking Compounds. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15030317"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s41476-017-0046-8","article-title":"Gloss Measurement in Detection of Surface Quality of Pharmaceutical Tablets: A Case Study of Screening of Genuine and Counterfeit Antimalaria Tablets","volume":"13","author":"Bawuah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Opt. Soc."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmer, R.K., Nechiporenko, A.B., Ilies, M.A., Winnig, M., Gravina, S.A., Tiwari, R., and Prakash, I. (2024). Sodium-Dependent Glucose Co-Transport Proteins (SGLTs) Are Not Involved in Human Glucose Taste Detection. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313128"},{"key":"ref_150","unstructured":"(2025, May 29). Technology|Opertech Bio. Available online: https:\/\/www.opertechbio.com\/technology."},{"key":"ref_151","unstructured":"(2025, May 29). Taste Masking 101 Sensory And Performance Evaluation. Available online: https:\/\/www.outsourcedpharma.com\/doc\/taste-masking-sensory-and-performance-evaluation-0001?vm_tId=2739443&vm_nId=93626&user=d2ac2c5b-2faa-430b-aeff-f02aa1cfa8d0&gdpr=0&vm_alias=Taste%20Masking%20101%3A%20Sensory%20And%20Performance%20Evaluation&utm_source=mkt_OUTPH&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=OUTPH_05-27-2025-STREAM&utm_term=d2ac2c5b-2faa-430b-aeff-f02aa1cfa8d0&utm_content=Taste%20Masking%20101%3A%20Sensory%20And%20Performance%20Evaluation&mkt_tok=MDc1LU5WQy0wODYAAAGasZcP2tkHdvHQ5wr1-PDRlPFP2R6YLFrAm9O5NpXIWkM69oGQoYc8mtKElpSkiJj6j4FtjCkROBuInn2Bwc5zbleQdl-8VawxE_bU3UJo0y-1mYCh."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.03.076","article-title":"Bitterness Prediction In-Silico: A Step towards Better Drugs","volume":"536","author":"Bahia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-40422013000400013","article-title":"QSAR Modeling: Um Novo Pacote Computacional Open Source Para Gerar e Validar Modelos QSAR","volume":"36","author":"Martins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quim. Nova"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-023-02520-z","article-title":"An Overview of Taste-Masking Technologies: Approaches, Application, and Assessment Methods","volume":"24","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2020.10.017","article-title":"Bitter-Blockers as a Taste Masking Strategy: A Systematic Review towards Their Utility in Pharmaceuticals","volume":"158","author":"Andrews","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1007\/s11094-023-03015-8","article-title":"Advanced Taste-Masking Methods of Solid Dosage Forms","volume":"57","author":"Bueva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm. Chem. J."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.6.1424","article-title":"Bitter Taste, Phytonutrients, and the Consumer: A Review","volume":"72","author":"Drewnowski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1081\/DDC-120037477","article-title":"Taste Masking Technologies in Oral Pharmaceuticals: Recent Developments and Approaches","volume":"30","author":"Sohi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-013-9511-5","article-title":"A Report from the Pediatric Formulations Task Force: Perspectives on the State of Child-Friendly Oral Dosage Forms","volume":"15","author":"Zajicek","year":"2013","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00286.2007","article-title":"Artificial Sweeteners and Salts Producing a Metallic Taste Sensation Activate TRPV1 Receptors","volume":"293","author":"Riera","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10260","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1225-04.2004","article-title":"Bitter Taste Receptors for Saccharin and Acesulfame K","volume":"24","author":"Kuhn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125368","article-title":"Taste-Masking Mechanism of Brivaracetam Oral Solution Using Cyclodextrin and Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose","volume":"675","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esteso, M.A., and Romero, C.M. (2024). Cyclodextrins: Properties and Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084547"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2018.04.009","article-title":"Cyclodextrins as Excipients in Tablet Formulations","volume":"23","author":"Adeoye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s40005-013-0107-y","article-title":"Development and Characterization of Mouth Dissolving Tablets of Prednisolone","volume":"44","author":"Basu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.22417","article-title":"Reduction of Bitterness of Antihistaminic Drugs by Complexation with \u03b2-Cyclodextrins","volume":"100","author":"Ono","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salawi, A. (2022). Pharmaceutical Coating and Its Different Approaches, a Review. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14163318"},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"Amat, E.S. (2015). Sugar-Coated Tablets Degree Final Project, University of Barcelona."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panraksa, P., Boonsermsukcharoen, K., Hwang, K.M., Park, E.S., and Jantrawut, P. (2019). Taste Masking of Nizatidine Using Ion-Exchange Resins. Processes, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr7110779"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E127","DOI":"10.1208\/pt0802046","article-title":"Taste Masking of Ondansetron Hydrochloride by Polymer Carrier System and Formulation of Rapid-Disintegrating Tablets","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2007","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_171","unstructured":"(2024, November 02). WO2019074829A1-Pharmaceutical Resinate Compositions and Methods of Making and Using Thereof-Google Patents. Available online: https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/WO2019074829A1\/en."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00894-013-1780-5","article-title":"Prodrugs for Masking Bitter Taste of Antibacterial Drugs\u2014A Computational Approach","volume":"19","author":"Karaman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Model."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choudhary, D., Goykar, H., Kalyane, D., Tekade, R.K., and Sreeharsha, N. (2020). Prodrug Design for Improving the Biopharmaceutical Properties of Therapeutic Drugs. The Future of Pharmaceutical Product Development and Research, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814455-8.00006-2"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.101124","article-title":"Statistical Analyses for the Preparation of Taste-Masking Granules Using a PH-Dependent Polymer","volume":"53","author":"Okubo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8907","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88312-6","article-title":"Aqueous and PH Dependent Coacervation Method for Taste Masking of Paracetamol via Amorphous Solid Dispersion Formation","volume":"11","author":"Alsirawan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"4858","article-title":"Taste Masking Technologies: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Dubey","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Negat. Results"}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/16\/2\/84\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T09:49:21Z","timestamp":1770803361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/16\/2\/84"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"references-count":176,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["bios16020084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios16020084","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]}}}