{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T01:32:34Z","timestamp":1789176754005,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["(No. RS-2021-NR060117)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(No. RS-2021-NR060117)"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government","award":["(RS-2022-NR069546)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(RS-2022-NR069546)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The precise and reliable detection of milk adulterants has garnered increased scientific interest owing to the rising incidence of food fraud. Recent years have witnessed substantial advancements in optical and electrochemical biosensors for the quick, sensitive, and on-site determination of adulterants. This review thoroughly emphasizes recent developments in electrochemical biosensors, encompassing amperometric, voltammetric, impedimetric, and photoelectrochemical sensors, alongside optical biosensors such as colorimetric, fluorometric, and plasmonic systems. Significant focus is directed towards determination of critical milk adulterants, including variations in pH, urea, formaldehyde (FA), melamine (MEL), nitrates (NO3\u2212), nitrites (NO2\u2212), and sulfites (SO32\u2212). The sensing mechanisms, functional nanomaterials, analytical efficacy, and sample-handling techniques of the described biosensors are critically examined. Moreover, key challenges regarding matrix interference, sensor stability, reproducibility, regulatory validation, and large-scalability are addressed. Ultimately, future directions towards economical, portable, wearable, and Internet of Things (IoT)-integrated biosensors for continuous dairy monitoring are discussed, highlighting the necessity for standardized validation protocols and next-generation technologies in food safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16020092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T10:48:01Z","timestamp":1770115681000},"page":"92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors for the Detection of Milk Adulterants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4800-9982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roopkumar","family":"Sangubotla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Battery Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam Daero, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6333-6175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthati","family":"Mastan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Botany, School of Sciences, Jain (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru 560027, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8885-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jongsung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Battery Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam Daero, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, F., Liu, C., Mehboob, M., Bilal, R.M., Arain, M.A., Siddique, F., Chen, F., Li, Y., Zhang, J., and Shi, P. 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